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22 protocols using selenium powder

1

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline TaSe3 by CVT

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The single-crystalline TaSe3 was prepared by the CVT method (as described in Figure 1a). For the growth of TaSe3, stoichiometric amounts of tantalum powder (0.42 g, Alfa Aesar, 99.97%, Haverhill, MA, USA) and selenium powder (0.58 g, Alfa Aesar, 99.999%, Haverhill, MA, USA), with iodine (10 mg, Sigma Aldrich, 99.999%, Saint Louis, MO, USA) as a transport agent, were placed in a quartz tube (18 × 1 cm) that was subsequently evacuated and sealed. After that, the tube was placed in a home-made two-zone tube furnace. The reaction zone was slowly heated to 670 °C, and maintained at constant temperature for 10 days to allow for the compound synthesis. Similarly, the temperature of the growing zone was maintained at 600 °C (heating rate: 200 °C/h). Finally, the furnace was switched off, and cooled down to room temperature (cooling rate: 50 °C/h).
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2

Synthesis of Cadmium Oleate Nanoparticles

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Zinc acetate (99.99 % trace metals basis), oleic acid (technical grade, 90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), and Trioctylphosphine (TOP, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.9%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), selenium powder (Se,100mesh,99.99%), and sulfur powder (S,99.98% trace metals basis) were purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Cadmium oleate is prepared by adding 1 mmol CdO into 1 mL oleic acid and 3 mL ODE, followed by heating to 200 °C for 30 min in Ar flow.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Antimony-Selenium-Sulfur Materials

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Antimony powder (100 mesh, 99.5%; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri), selenium powder (100 mesh, 99.99%; Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK), sulfur powder, 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT, >98%; Alfa Aesar), ethylenediamine (en, >99%; Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium). All the reagents were used without additional purification.
Glass substrates were cleaned by immersion in freshly prepared Piranha solution (4 : 1 vol 98% H2SO4 : 30% H2O2; CAUTION: exothermic reaction) and then dried under an N2 stream. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates (FTO glass TEC 15A, 2.2 mm thick; XOPFisica) were cut, cleaned by sequential sonication in acetone, isopropanol, Alconox solution, and deionized (DI) water for 30 minutes each, dried under an N2 stream, and treated in a UV-ozone cleaner (Ossila Ozone Cleaner) for 20 minutes. An Au-coated Si wafer was prepared by depositing 10 nm of Ti followed by 100 nm of Au with a VST e-beam evaporator.
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4

Colloidal Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanoparticles

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Selenium powder (Se, 99.999%), cadmium oxide
(CdO, 99.95%), 1-octadecane (ODE, 90%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), tri-n-octyl phosphine (TOP, 90%), and poly(methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA, average MW 350 000) were purchased from Alfa Aesar.
Tributylphosphine (TBP, 95%), sulfur powder (99.99%), and oleylamine
(80–90%) were purchased form Aladdin-reagent. Solvents such
as toluene, ethanol, and acetone were used as received.
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5

Synthesis of Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

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Cadmium oxide (99.99%), sulfur powder (99.98%), and oleylamine (70%) were purchased from Aldrich. Selenium powder (200 mesh, 99.999%), 1-octadecence (90%), octadecylamine (97%), dioctylamine (96%), oleic acid (90%), and octadecane (90%) were purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Tributylphosphine (95%) was purchased from Aladdin. Hexane, toluene, aceton, and methanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents. All chemicals were used directly without any further purification.
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6

Synthesis of Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals

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Cadmium oxide (CdO, 325 mesh, 99.5%) and selenium powder (Se, 325 mesh, 99.5%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (China) Chemicals Co., Ltd. Cadmium stearate (Cd(St)2) was purchased from Shanghai Debo Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA, 98%) was purchased from EPSILON CHIMIE (Brittany, France). Hexylphosphonic acid (HPA, 98%) was purchased from IRRITANT. 1-Octadecene (ODE, >90%), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (Zn(DDTC)2, >99%), hexyldecylamine (HDA, >95%), sulfur (S, 98.5%), and trioctylphosphine (TOP, 85%) were purchased from TCI (Shanghai) Development Co., Ltd. Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 98%) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Ethanol (AR) and dimethylbenzene were purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Silicone resin (Dow Corning-6662) was from Dow Corning. Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG:Ce) phosphor was from Grirem Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. All chemicals were used directly without further purification unless otherwise stated. Table 1 shows the information of the purchased chemicals.
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7

Synthesis of Colloidal Nanocrystals

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Styrene (≥ 99.0%), divinylbenzene (DVB, 80%), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%), tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (92.5–100%), ε-caprolactone (97%), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, MW 2,500), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), toluene (≥ 99.7%), methanol (≥ 99.8%), isopropanol (≥ 99.8%), oleylamine (OLA, 70–80%), 1-octanethiol (98.5%) and acetone (≥ 99.5%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW 40,000), cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.998%), selenium powder (200 mesh, 99.999%) and oleic acid (OA, 90%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. toluene, ethanol and n-heptane (all spectr. grade) as well as n-hexane (≥ 99%) were obtained from Merck KGaA. ethanol (abs., 99.9%) and dichloromethane (HPLC grade) were obtained from Chemsolute. Benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride (OBDAC, 98.9%) was purchased from HPC Standards GmbH, Nile red (NR) from Fluka Analytical, n-octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA, > 99%) from PCI Synthesis and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 99.7%) as well as deuterated chloroform (99.8 atom%) from ABCR. All solvents used for the optical measurements were of spectroscopic grade and all chemicals were employed as received without further purification.
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8

Synthesis of Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

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Cadmium acetate dihydrate (Cd(OAc)2•2H2O 99.999%, Alfa Aesar), tellurium powder (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), selenium powder (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), oleylamine (OLA, 90%, Aldrich), tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 90%, Aldrich), octylamine (OTA, 99%, Aldrich), ethylacetate (99.5%, Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical), and nitrogen gas (N2, 99.99%, Chengdu Taiyu gas Co. Ltd.) were used as received without further purification unless stated otherwise. Toluene (AR grade, Chengdu Kelong Chemical) was distilled and further dried with MgSO4 (99%, Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical). Oleylamine (OLA) was stored in a freezer, while the other chemicals were stored under an ambient environment.
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9

Synthesis and Characterization of ZrSe3 Crystals

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The ZrSe3 crystals were synthesized via a CVT method [27 (link)]. The starting materials were zirconium powder (Zr, 100 mesh, purity >96%, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, VT, USA), selenium powder (Se, 200 mesh, purity 99.999%, Alfa Aesar, Tewksbury, MA, USA), and iodine (I2, flakes, purity 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, VT, USA) as the transport agent. The Zr and Se powders with molar ratio of 1:3 were homogeneously mixed and sealed under vacuum in a closed quartz ampoule with an I2 concentration of 5 mg/mL. The ampoule was heated in a tube furnace at 1173 K for 120 h, followed by furnace cooling for 15 h. The as-synthesized product was shiny silver flakes. A dense ZrSe3 pellet for thermal property measurements was prepared by grinding the ZrSe3 crystals and cold-pressing the powder under 63 MPa at room temperature, followed by annealing at 1173 K for 24 h in a vacuum-sealed quartz tube. The liquid-phase exfoliation was performed by sonicating the ZrSe3 crystals in acetone for 4 h.
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10

Synthesis of Selenium Stock Solution

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Deionized water (18.2 MΩ) was obtained from an Aries Filter Works Reverse Osmosis System. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 99.99 %, trace metals basis), thioglycolic acid (TGA, ≥98 %), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, ≥98.0 %) and selenium powder (99.999 %, metal basis) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9 %) was purchased from VWR. Nitric Acid (HNO3, 67–70 %, trace metal grade, OmniTrace) and HCl (trace metal grade, 34–37 %, Fisher Scientific) were used for the selenium stock solution preparation. A 3:1 solution of aqua regia was prepared using HCl (37 %, Sigma-Aldrich) and nitric acid (65 %, J.T. Baker), respectively. A 5.0 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was prepared by diluting NaOH (10.0 N standardized solution), purchased from Alfa Aesar. The solutions in each synthetic protocol were purged with 99.99 % pure nitrogen gas obtained from Linde Gas Corporation. Selenium stock solution was prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of selenium powder in 8.0 mL of concentrated HNO3 in a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. The solution was heated in order to evaporate the excess of acid. One hundred (100 mL) of 10 % v/v HCl was then added to reduce Se(VI) to Se(IV). The final concentration of the stock solution was adjusted to 0.5 M.
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