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6 protocols using ginsenoside rg1

1

Xueshuantong Liquid for Intravenous Administration

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Xueshuantong, with the Chinese NMPA drug ratification number GuoYaoZhunZi-Z45021769, has been manufactured as a sterile and non-pyrogenic liquid for intravenous administration. Each milliliter of XST was prepared from 35 mg of Sanqi [P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen]. XST used in this study was obtained from the Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical Group with the lot No. 200901 (Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China). Diltiazem hydrochloride for injection was purchased from Tianjin Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. with the lot No. F030. RIPA lysis buffer, dithiothreitol (DTT), iodoacetamide (IAA), urea, and NH4HCO3 were purchased from Beyotime. Recombinant Mouse 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (Ywhaz) was purchased fromCUSABIO (https://www.cusabio.com/) with lot No.YA0403a1g5. Ginsenoside Rg1 (ChromaDex Inc., ASB-00007221-100), ginsenoside Rb1 (National institute for food and drug control, LA38-E2PK), notoginsenoside R1 (Chengdu Herbpurity Co., Ltd, RDD-S00202010012), ginsenoside Re (National institute for food and drug control, 62JZ-1FP3) and ginsenoside Rd (Shanghai yuanye, Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Z09A9X67397) were dissolved in DMSO.
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2

Quantification of Ginsenoside Compounds

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Compound K (purity > 98%) was obtained from Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea), and ginsenoside Rb1 (purity > 93%) and ginsenoside Rg1 (purity > 93%) were purchased from Chromadex (CA, USA). R-amlodipine (purity > 95%) used as an internal standard (IS) was obtained from HL Genomics (Yong-in, Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea). Cytolase PCL5 and Rapidase C80Max were purchased from DSM Food Specialties (MA Delft, Netherlands), and Sumizyme AC was obtained from Shin Nihon Chemical (Aichi, Japan). HPLC grade of methanol, MTBE, and methylene chloride were purchased from J. T. Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). A Milli-Q® (Bedford, MA, USA) water purification system was used to produce purified water for HPLC. All other chemicals and solvents were of the highest analytical grades available. Sodium acetate and acetic acid were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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3

Ginsenoside Rg1 Extracellular Matrix Interaction

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Alginic acid sodium salt (Cat. No. A2158), NaIO4, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (high glucose) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, Utah, USA). Natural mouse laminin (Cat. No. 354232) and Matrigel (Cat. No. 356231) were purchased from Corning (Bedford, MA, USA). Ginsenoside Rg1 was purchased from ChromaDex (Irvine, CA).
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4

Cyclophosphamide-induced Mouse Model

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Eight-week-old adult female C57BL/6J mice, weighing 20 ± 5 g, were purchased from National Laboratory Animal Center (Taipei, Taiwan) and housed in a clean conventional animal facility at 22°C with 12-hr light/dark cycle. Sterilized food and water were freely accessible in their cage. Mice were then randomly selected for control, CY and CY plus Rg1 groups. Mice in CY and CY plus Rg1 group were administrated with CY [50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p); Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA] once a day for 4 days, followed by daily peritoneal injection of equal volume of normal saline or ginsenoside Rg1 (15 mg/kg/day; ChromaDex, Irvine, CA, USA), respectively at 9:00 a.m. in the morning for 7 days. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of College of Veterinary Medicine at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology.
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5

Ginseng Attenuates CY-Induced Injury

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Mice received i.p injection of CY at the dose of 50 mg/kg once a day for 4 days, followed by daily peritoneal injection of equal volume of normal saline or Ginsenoside Rg1 (15 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. The mice were killed 16 hrs after the last dose of Rg1. CY was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Ginsenoside Rg1 (purity ≧95%) was purchased from ChromaDex® Corporation.
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6

Adipogenesis Regulation by Ginsenosides

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All reagents used in the experiment were guaranteed reagent grade and HPLC-grade. Acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Isopropanol (100%) was from J.T. Baker Chemical (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was from Lonza (Walkersville, MD, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was from BioWest (Riverside, MO, USA). Paraformaldehyde (4%) was from Biosesang (Seongnam-si, Korea). Bovine calf serum (BCS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) and insulin were from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3(S) were from ChromaDex Co. (Irvine, CA, USA). Dexamethasone (Dex), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Oil Red O, glycyrrhizin, 2-methyl-2-butanol and 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (Avertin) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). RIPA buffer and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Primary antibodies, anti-rabbit β-actin, PPARγ, C/EBPα, adiponectin, AMPK, p-AMPK, ACC, p-ACC were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), SREBP-1c and CPT-1 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA).
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