were purchased from
TCI Chemicals (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Acetobromo-α-
acid trisodium salt (UDPGA), MgCl2, Tris–HCl, LPS,
Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, Dulbecco’s modified
Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Griess reagent,
2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl (DCFH2-DA), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO), and glutamine were obtained by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim,
Germany). Alamethicin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology
(Heidelberg, Germany). Male rat and human hepatic S9 fractions were
obtained by Biopredic (Saint Grégoire, France). RAW 264.7 cells
were provided by American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas,
VA, U.S.A.). Mouse TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
was purchased by InmunoTools (Friesoythe, Germany), and mouse IL-1β
ELISA was provided by BioLegend (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.).