Lithium fluoride

MAX
phase (Ti₃AlC₂) was purchased from Y-Carbon,
Ltd., Ukraine. All
of the other chemicals, hydrochloric acid, lithium fluoride, silver
nitrate, and palladium(II) acetate, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
analytical grade, and were used as received. In all experiments, deionized
(DI) reagent-grade water (≥18.2 MΩ) was used. The wastewater
samples were collected from a local paper recycling factory.

Lithium fluoride (LiF, ≥98%),
hydrochloride acid (HCl, 35–37%), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, M_w = 98000), copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄, ≥98%),
potassium ferricyanide (K₃FeCN₆, ≥96%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals company and used without
purification. The Ti₃AlC₂ power (98%, 400 mesh)
was purchased from Carbon-Ukraine company.

Hydrophilic
acid (HCl, 36 %), thiourea, sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O), and lithium fluoride (LiF,
99 %) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. Polypropylene membrane
(Celgard, 3501) was bought from Celgard LLC. MAX (Ti₃AlC₂, ≤40 μm) was purchased from Carbon-Ukraine Ltd. d-Glucose anhydrous was purchased from Fisher Scientific, and
MWCNTs were purchased from Timesnano.

CoPA (Vestamelt X1010, EVONIK Industries, Essen, Germany), n-propanol >99.5% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Ti₃AlC₂ purity >99% (Y-Carbon, Ltd., Kiev, Ukraine), hydrochloric acid 37% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), lithium fluoride 99.5% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and vegetable oil (Adams group, St. Louis, MO, USA) were all used in this experiment. Ultra-pure water (prepared by Purification System Direct Q3, Millipore Corporation, France), formamide >99.5% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and ethyleneglycol >99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as testing liquids for the contact angle measurements.

Commercial Ti₃AlC₂ powder (MAX phase, ≥99%, ~400 mesh) was obtained from Jilin Yiyi Technology Co. Ltd. (Jilin, China). Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) provided 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 98%), toluene (anhydrous 99.8%), lithium fluoride (99.99%), and doxorubicin (DOX, 99% HPLC). We purchased 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, >98.0%) from TCI Company (Tokyo, Japan). Tetrahydrofuran (THF anhydrous ≥ 99.9%), selenium powder (99.99%), sodium borohydride (99%), 3-bromopropionic acid (97%), and 1-hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (NHS, 98.0%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (30%) and glutathione (GSH) (pharmaceutical secondary standard) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) was obtained from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea). Hydrochloric acid was obtained from Daejung Chemical Co. Ltd. (Siheung, Republic of Korea).

A PUF material with a density of 30 kg/m ${}^3$ was obtained from Jiangsu Luyuan New Material Co. Ltd., China. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36% aq.), Chitosan (CH, Mw. 1500000), casein, pectin, phytic acid (PA, 50% aq.), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and lithium fluoride (LiF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Titanium aluminum carbide (Ti ${}_3$ AlC ${}_2$ ) was purchased from the 11 Technology Co. Ltd., (Changchun, China).