Aspartate transaminase

D101 macroporous resin was purchased from the chemical plant of Nankai University (Tianjin, China). Aspartate transaminase (AST, Code No. C010-1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, Code No. C009-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO, Code No. A044), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, Code No. A020-1), malondialdehyde (MDA, Code No. A003-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD, Code No. A001-1), and glutathione (GSH, No. A005) kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Hematoxylin (Code No. ZLI9606), eosin (Code No. ZLI9612), and diaminobenzidine (DAB, Code No. ZLI9632) staining kits were purchased from Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Tissue Protein Extraction Kit (Code No. KGP2100) and Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Protein Extraction kit (Code No. KGP150) were obtained from KEYGEN Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Bicinchoninic acid Protein Assay Kit (BCA, Code No. P0012S) was purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). RNAiso Plus (Code No. 9109), PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time) (Code No. RR047A) and SYBR^® Premix Ex Taq™ II (Tli RNaseH Plus) (Code No. RR820A) were purchased from TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China).

PTS (purity >99%) was purchased from Meilunbio (Dalian, Liaoning Province, China). DOX was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) kits were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Hematoxylin–eosin (H & E) and Masson staining kits were from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was provided by Roche Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). TUNEL staining kits (Green) were from Beyotime Biotechnology. The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit was from Thermo Scientific, lysis buffer and phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology. Human recombinant Trx-1 was from Med Chem Express (HY-P73431).

Scleromitron diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang (10 batches) were purchased from Jiangxi and identified by Prof. Tianai Gao from Shanxi Provincial Food and Drug Inspection Institute. Cellulase was obtained from Zhejiang Yinuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Zhejiang, China). The 36 flavonoid standards (seen in Table 3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Steraloids. Fenofibrate, formic acid, methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile were HPLC grade from Sigma. Macroporous adsorbent resin AB-8 was obtained from Chengdu Grecia Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), RMPI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin were purchased from Wuhan Servicebio Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China). Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kits were supplied by Nanjing Jiancheng Bio-engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Ethanol, methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile were of chromatographic grade.