Isooctane

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, Canada

Isooctane is a colorless, volatile liquid hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C8H18. It is commonly used as a reference fuel in the testing and calibration of various laboratory equipment and instruments.

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2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane, (2 citations)

23 protocols using isooctane

Synthesis and Characterization of PCBs

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Triiodo-L-thryonine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (≥ 95%; St. Louis, MO). PCB 11, 28, 52, 84, 95, 101, 118, 135, 138, 149, 153 and 180, as well as the hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites of PCB 11 and 52, were synthesized and authenticated by the Synthesis Core of the University of Iowa Superfund Research Program (The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA). Synthesis methods for all congeners are detailed in the supplemental material except for PCB 11 and its metabolites, which have been reported previously.^{47 (link)–49 (link)} All synthesized PCBs were > 99% pure as determined by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and GC-MS (Supplemental Material). THR antagonist, NH-3, was synthesized by Dr. Heike Wulff (University of California Davis, Davis, CA) as previously described.^{50 (link)} All stock solutions for in vitro experiments were made in dry sterile dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich). PCB standards (PCB 11, 28, 52, 77, 84, 91, 95, 101, 118, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 149, 153, 174, 175, 176, 180, and 196) for the analysis of PCBs in maternal serum were purchased from AccuStandard, Inc. (New Haven, CT, USA). Stock solutions for analytical techniques were made in isooctane (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA).

Sethi S., Morgan R.K., Feng W., Lin Y., Li X., Luna C., Koch M., Bansal R., Duffel M.W., Puschner B., Zoeller R.T., Lehmler H.J., Pessah I.N, & Lein P.J. (2019). Comparative analyses of the 12 most abundant PCB congeners detected in human maternal serum for activity at the thyroid hormone receptor and ryanodine receptor. Environmental science & technology, 53(7), 3948-3958.

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Measurement of sEH Activity in Colon Tissue

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The colon tissues were collected and lysed to measure the sEH activity. sEH activity was measured as previously described [45 (link)]. Briefly, [³H]-trans-diphenyl-propene oxide (t-DPPO) was used as a substrate. To 100 µL of diluted tissue suspension, a 1 µL of a 5 mM solution of t-DPPO in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA) was added ([S]_final = 50 µM; 10,000 cpm). The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min, and the reaction was quenched by the addition of 60 µL of methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 200 µL of isooctane (Thermo Fisher Scientific), which extracts the remaining epoxide from the aqueous phase. The enzyme activity was determined by measuring the quantity of radioactive diol formed in the aqueous phase using a scintillation counter (TriCarb 2810 TR, Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA). Assays were performed in triplicate. The protein concentration was quantified using the Pierce BCA assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).

Wang W., Wagner K.M., Wang Y., Singh N., Yang J., He Q., Morisseau C, & Hammock B.D. (2023). Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Contributes to Cell Senescence and ER Stress in Aging Mice Colon. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 4570.

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Comprehensive Analytical Procedure for Bioactive Compounds

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All chemicals used for the extraction and analysis of FAs, VitE, and phenolic compounds were of the HPLC-grade or at least ACS analytical grade. Acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol (MeOH), and iso-octane were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Deionized water was generated using the PURELAB Option-Q System (ELGA Lab Water, High Wycombe, UK). Potassium hydroxide, benzene, formic acid, and heptane were purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). Hexane was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Dichloromethane, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate anhydrous, and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid were purchased from Daejung Chemical and Materials Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea). Ascorbic acid was obtained from SANCHUN Chemical Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea). The 37 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standard mixture, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0, internal standard), VitE (4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols), and phenolic standards (STDs) were phurchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. We obtained 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA).

Kim S.H., Yang Y.J, & Chung I.M. (2020). The Effect of Degree of Milling on the Nutraceutical Content in Ecofriendly and Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Foods, 9(9), 1297.

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Lipid Characterization of Algae Oil Blend

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Omegavie^® DHA 800 Algae oil was sourced from Polaris (Quimper, France) and the oil emulsion (A-DHA emulsion) was produced by Polaris under patent WO 2021224940A1. Polaris synthesized the A-DHA MG, A-DHA EE, and A-DHA PL blend formulas. The lipid characterization, as glyceridic composition, fatty acid profile, and oil structure, was determined according to the standardization methods of standard IUPAC 6.002 [56 ] and French standards NF EN ISO 14105 [57 ] and NF EN ISO 12966 [58 ,59 ], respectively (Table 1).
Acetyl chloride, acetic acid, potassium chloride (KCl), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium methoxide (CH₃ONa), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and all organic solvents used, i.e., di-ethyl ether, heptane, hexane, iso-octane, and methanol (analytical or HPLC grades) were provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Strasbourg, France). Internal standard 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (PC 17:0) and 1,2,3-triheptadecanoyl-sn-glycerol (TG 17:0) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA).
Ketamine, xylazine, buprenorphine, and sodium pentobarbital were provided by Axience (Pantin, France).

Couëdelo L., Lennon S., Abrous H., Chamekh I., Bouju C., Griffon H., Vaysse C., Larvol L, & Breton G. (2024). In Vivo Absorption and Lymphatic Bioavailability of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil According to Its Physical and Chemical Form of Vectorization. Nutrients, 16(7), 1014.

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Rabbit Gastric Extract Digestion Protocol

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The material for digestion protocol, rabbit gastric extract (RGE, with 15 U/mg lipase and 500 U/mg pepsin activity), was purchased from Lipolytech (Marseille, France), whereas α-amylase from porcine pancreas (>5 units/mg solid), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (>2500 units/mg protein), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (8× USP), porcine bile extract, as well as FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) mixture and the internals standards glyceryl nonadecanoate (C19:0 TAG; >99%), methyl nonadecanoate (C19:0 ME, analytical standard), glyceryl heptadecanoate (C17:0 TAG, >99%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0 FFA, >99%), and Orlistat pharmaceutical secondary standard were purchased from Merck/Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reagents and solvents were of analytical purity. Chloroform (for analysis, stabilized with ethanol) was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Val de Reuil, France), methanol (for HPLC, LC-MS grade) from VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA), and isooctane (>95%) from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). High-purity water (>18 MΩ cm⁻¹) was prepared by a Millipore Elix Essential 3 UV Water Purification System (Merck-Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA).

Tormási J, & Abrankó L. (2021). Assessment of Fatty Acid-Specific Lipolysis by In Vitro Digestion and GC-FID. Nutrients, 13(11), 3889.

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Procurement of Analytical Reagents for Chemical Analyses

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Nile red, Nile blue A, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Missouri, United States); 1,2-propanediol, hydrochloric acid, ammonium thiocyanate were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmtstadt, Germany); potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium borate, sodium borohydride, sodium citrate dihydrate, barium chloride, ferrous sulfate, and ferrous iron were purchased from Sinopharm chemical reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China); isopropanol, acetonitrile, pentane, ethyl acetate, hexane, isooctane, methol, and butanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, USA). Furosine*HCl was purchased from Iris Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany); N^ε-carboxymethyl-l-lysine was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Canada); l-lysine was purchased from Anpel Laboratory Technologies Inc. (Shanghai, China); FMOC N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (≥98 %, chromatographic grade) and Cumene hydroperoxide (80 %, technical grade), propanal (97 %) and hexanal (98 %) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Missouri, United States); Propionaldehyde-2,2,3,3,3,-d₅ (98.7 %, chromatographic grade) and hexanal-d₁₂ (98.5 %, chromatographic grade) were purchased from CDN isotopes Inc. (Quebec, Canada).

Zhang J., Wang L., Shen Y., Wan L., Zhuang K., Yang X., Man C., Zhao Q, & Jiang Y. (2023). Effects of different reducing carbohydrate types on the physicochemical characteristics of infant formula food stored for special medical purposes. Food Chemistry: X, 21, 101055.

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PAH Identification and Quantification

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All standards for target analytes were purchased from AccuStandard Inc., New Haven, CT, USA, except for 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) an Retene (RET) (obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer Inc., Augsburg, Germany). Basic information and abbreviations of 32 PAHs are described in Table S1. The organic solvents used in this study were HPLC-grade, n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, and Isooctane and were bought from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q ultrapure system (Millipore; Billerica, MA, USA).

Li J.N., Zhang Y., Wang J.X., Xiao H., Nikolaev A., Li Y.F., Zhang Z.F, & Tang Z.H. (2023). Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Environments from Harbin, a Megacity of China. Toxics, 11(8), 695.

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Microencapsulation of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols

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Polyphenol‐containing extract (PPP) isolated from Georgia‐grown pomegranate peels were microencapsulated by following the method previously reported by our group (Yang et al., 2022 (link)). In short, PPP was homogenized with a mixture of maltodextrin: pomegranate peel pectin (ratio 3:1, w/w) to create PPP suspensions (core: wall materials = 1:5, w/w). Then, the PPP suspensions were spray‐dried to produce microencapsulated MPP powders. A commercial grape seed extract (GSE) (Grape seed extract, Zazzee, Montebello, NY, USA) was purchased from a local store in Griffin, GA. Peanut oil, white wine vinegar, salt, red pepper flakes, garlic powder, basil leaves, and oregano were obtained from a local supermarket in Griffin, GA, USA. Iodine monochloride Wijs solution, chloroform, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, starch indicator, glacial acetic acid, iso‐octane, 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetraethoxtpropane, trichloroacetic acid, and 2‐thiobarbituric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

Yang B., Chen J, & Mis Solval K. (2023). Microencapsulated polyphenol extracts from Georgia‐grown pomegranate peels delay lipid oxidation in salad dressing during accelerated and ambient storage conditions. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(1), 370-384.

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Hyaluronic Acid Conjugation Protocol

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HA (sodium salt, 700KDa) was obtained from Lifecore Biomedical (Chaska, MN). Divinyl sulfone (DVS, 97%), 1-heptanol (98%) and folic acid (FA, ≥97%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT, 96%) and isooctane (99%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH). Polyethylene glycol (NH₂)₂ (HCl salt, 5000 Da) was purchased from Jenkem Technology (Beijing, China). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL). CF647A amine dye was purchased from Biotium, Inc. (Fremont, CA).

Li S., Cong W., Hakamivala A., Huang Y., Borrelli J J.r, & Tang L. (2018). Hyaluronic Acid-Based Optical Probe for the Diagnosis of Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage. Nanotheranostics, 2(4), 347-359.

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Profiling Milk Lipid Constituents

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Ascorbic acid was obtained from Sanchun Chemical Co. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea); sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and sodium sulfate anhydrous were purchased from Daejung Chemical and Materials Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea); potassium hydroxide (KOH) was obtained from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). Genuine chemical standards (STDs), such as TOC homologs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-forms), 37 standard fatty acid methyl esters mixture (FAME, CRM47885), and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0, P6125) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Korea. Analytical or high-performance liquid chromatography-grade solvents were used for extraction and derivatization of TOCs and FA in milk samples of interest. M ethanol, ethanol, and isooctane were obtained from Fisher Scientific Korea, Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Benzene and heptane were purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan), hexane was obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) and dichloromethane were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Korea (Seoul, Korea).

Chung I.M., Kim Y.J., Moon H.S., Kwon C., Chi H.Y, & Kim S.H. (2020). Regional Characterization Study of Fatty Acids and Tocopherol in Organic Milk as a Tool for Potential Geographical Identification. Foods, 9(12), 1743.

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