Equol 7 glucuronide

Analytical standards of daidzein-7-glucuronide, equol-7-glucuronide, equol-4ʹ-sulfate, and enterolactone were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Hippuric acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 5-Phenyl-γ-valerolactone-3′-sulfate, 3-Hydroxy-urolithin-8-glucuronide, and Urolithin-3-glucuronide were prepared in-house using reported procedures [66 (link)]. HPLC-grade solvents (water, methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile) and reagents were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA).

Harlan 8640 Teklad 22/5 rodent diets were used for both control and 0.7% adenine supplemented diets (Madison, WI). Indoxyl sulfate was obtained from gold biotechnology (Olivette, MO). P-cresyl glucuronide and equol 7-glucuronide were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada) and β-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia (G-7051), pyrocatechol, p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Flurazepam was purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX). Isatin was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). P-cresyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate and 4-ethyl phenyl sulfate were synthesized as previously described58 (link). AST-120 was a kind gift from the Kureha Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).