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Spss statistics package 22

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SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 is a software application designed for statistical analysis. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for data management, analysis, and presentation. The core function of this product is to enable users to perform a wide range of statistical procedures, including descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and hypothesis testing, among others. The software is widely used in various fields, such as academic research, market research, and business analytics.

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13 protocols using spss statistics package 22

1

Lifestyle Intervention Metabolic Syndrome

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This paper focuses on dietary and physical activity behaviours whereas changes in clinical metabolic syndrome parameters and anthropometry will be reported elsewhere. Descriptive statistics summarised the baseline lifestyle and demographic characteristics of the intervention and control groups. Independent and paired samples t-tests were applied to the continuous outcome variables, whereas Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were applied to those variables exhibiting skewed distributions. To account for the effects of potential confounders, generalised estimating equation (GEE) models with exchangeable correlation structure were used to assess the repeated outcome variables over time. Normal GEE with identity link was applied to normally distributed continuous outcome variables (sitting time [hours per day]; fibre intake score; fat intake score; fat avoidance score), while gamma GEE with log link was applied to skewed continuous variables (walking time [MET min/week]; moderate intensity activity [MET min/week]; vigorous intensity activity [MET min/week]; total activity [MET min/week]; strength training [min/week]; fruit intake [serves per day]; vegetable intake [serves per day]). All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS Statistics Package 22.
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2

Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression

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The data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS Statistics package 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). The analysis of real-time PCR data was as described previously [29 (link), 57 (link)]. One way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD post hoc test were used to analyse expression data derived from the infection studies, with p < 0.05 between treatment and control groups considered significant. For the tissue distribution of expression and in vitro experiments that consisted of sample sets from individual fish, a Paired-Samples T-test was applied.
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3

Quantitative gene expression analysis

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The data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS Statistics package 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). The analysis of real-time PCR data was as described previously (Wang et al., 2011a,b) . To improve the normality of data, real-time quantitative PCR measurements were scaled, with the lowest expression level in a data set defined as 1, and log2 transformed. One way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyse expression data derived from RTS-11 cells, with P <0.05 between treatment and control groups considered significant. For data from HK cells that consisted of sample sets from individual fish, a Paired-Samples T-test was applied. The induction of gene expression was first normalised to the highest induction level (defined as 100) during the time course and used for clustering analysis using XLSTAT software (Addinsoft).
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4

Sleep Restriction Effects on Diet

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Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Paired t-tests compared sleep variables during the 5 days before baseline and sleep restriction assessments. Repeated Measures ANOVAs examined differences in sleep variables and dietary intake measures between the baseline, restriction, and recovery days. Following a significant F, pairwise comparisons between the three conditions were made with a Bonferroni correction factor for multiple comparisons (1-tailed paired t-tests for baseline and sleep restriction planned comparisons; 2-tailed paired t-tests for baseline and sleep recovery comparisons). Effect size was quantified as Cohen’s d or eta2. The alpha level was set at 0.05.
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5

Effects of Missed Nap on Sleep

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Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Distributions of several variables were skewed, thus, we performed both parametric and non-parametric tests. Because the results did not differ between approaches, we present only parametric statistics. To examine the effects of a missed nap on subsequent night sleep, paired t-tests (Baseline Night versus Recovery Night) of visually scored sleep measures (i.e., sleep onset latency, sleep duration, sleep stages) and quantitative EEG data (i.e., SWA, SWE) were performed (alpha = 0.05; 2-tailed). A paired t-test (alpha = 0.05; 2-tailed) was also used to assess differences in 24 h SWE (Baseline Nap + Baseline Night versus Recovery). Summary measures are presented as means (M) and standard deviations (SD). Effect size (Cohen’s d) was computed for each comparison [d = (MBaseline Night – MRecovery Night)/ SDpooled or d = (MBaseline Nap and Night – MRecovery Night)/SDpooled]. Effect sizes of d = 0.20, d = 0.50, and d ≥ 0.75 are considered small, medium, and large, respectively (28 ).
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6

Gene Expression Analysis and ROS Assays

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The expression of the gene of interest was first normalized to the expression level of housekeeping gene (EF-1α). The ratio was then scaled and log2-transformed to improve the normality of the data prior to statistical analysis [39 (link)]. A paired sample t-test was performed to compare gene expression levels between treatment and control groups with a p-value less than 0.05 considered significant. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test in the IBM SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was conducted for comparison of the difference between the treatment and control groups in ROS production, PO activity, and phagocytic activity, with a p-value less than 0.05 considered significant.
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7

Normalizing Gene Expression Analysis

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The expression level of each gene was normalized to the expression of β-actin, and log2-transformed to improve the normality of data distribution before statistical analysis (28 (link)–30 (link)). Shapiro–Wilk and Levene’s test were performed to assess the log2-transformed data for normality and homogeneity respectively using the IBM SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 (SPSS Inc.). One‐way ANOVA followed by post-hoc tests were performed using Tukey’s test and Games–Howell test where appropriate, with p <0.05 indicating significance, to compare the levels of gene expression between the treatment and control groups in the in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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8

Effect of Missed Nap on Sleep

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Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics Package 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Distributions of several variables were skewed, thus, we performed both parametric and non-parametric tests. Because the results did not differ between approaches, we present only parametric statistics. To examine the effects of a missed nap on subsequent night sleep, paired t-tests (Baseline Night versus Recovery Night) of visually scored sleep measures (i.e., sleep onset latency, sleep duration, sleep stages) and quantitative EEG data (i.e., SWA, SWE) were performed (alpha=0.05; 2-tailed). Paired t-tests (alpha=0.05; 2-tailed) were also used to assess differences (Baseline Nap+Baseline Night versus Recovery) in sleep measures, SWA, and SWE. Summary measures are presented as means (M) and standard deviations (SD). Effect size (Cohen's d) was computed for each comparison [d=(MBaseline Night–MRecovery Night)/SD pooled or d=(Baseline Nap and Night–Recovery Night)/SD pooled]. Effect sizes of d=0.20, d=0.50, and d≥0.75 are considered small, medium, and large, respectively (Cohen, 1988 ).
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9

Comparative Statistical Analysis

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Reported statistical significance levels were all 2-sided, and the threshold of statistical significance was P <.05. Analysis of variance was used for comparing the distribution of continuous variables between the cohorts. Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions of categorical variables. All statistical computations were performed using the SPSS statistics package 22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).
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10

Resilience's Influence on Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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We used the SPSS 22 Statistics Package. Descriptive analyses were carried out (based on the level of measurement of the variables, measures of central tendency, dispersion of continuous variables, and frequency and percentage of categorical variables), along with internal consistency analyses (alpha de Cronbach). Means comparison analyses were performed (t tests and analysis of variances) as well as Pearson's correlations. Afterwards, taking into account the exploratory purposes of our study, a multiple regression analysis was performed with the total score of GAD as the dependent variable and the different items from the resilience scale as predictive variables.
Finally, a binary logistic regression was performed to analyse the predictive influence of resilience skills on a possible GAD diagnosis according to the most critical cut‐off point, according to the theory (scores ≥10) (yes/no). The level of significance was set at P ≤ .05. In every case, the inclusion criteria for the variables in the multivariate analysis were of P (Wald) <.20 in the univariate regressions.31 Potentially related factors at P < .20 were included in the multivariate analysis. Then, BSTEP (LR) (forward stepwise logistic regression with the Likelihood ratio test) was combined, and the Hosmer and Lemeshow'31 good fit test was applied.
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