Paeoniflorin

HFD (65.75% basal chow, 20% sucrose, 10% lard, 3% egg yolk powder, 1% cholesterol, 0.25% pig bile salt) was purchased from Beijing Sibeifu Bioscience Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Irbesartan was obtained from Sanofi Winthrop Industrie (France). STZ was purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) assay kits test kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Rat interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Multi Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Reference standards of ferulic acid, atractylodin, tanshinone, astragaloside, hyperoside, loganin, gallic acid, morroniside, allantoin, oleanic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, paeoniflorin, vaccarin, pyrrolidinium, leonurine, and catalpol were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

HFD (17.7% sucrose, 17.7% fructose, 19.4% protein and 40% fat) was obtained from Beijing Huafukang Bioscience Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) assay kits test kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Oil Red O Staining kit was purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Rat insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Multi Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Reference standards of paeoniflorin, baicalin, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, emodin, synephrine, succinic acid, 6-gingerol and oleanolic acid were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).