Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride [1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride]
was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Methylglyoxal
(40%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

PLGA (lactide:glycolide: 75:25, M_w: 4,000-15,000) and organic solvents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). DPPC was purchased from Anatrace (Maumee, OH, USA). Metformin hydrochloride was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Agarose, ethidium bromide, and DNA gel loading dye (6x) for gel electrophoresis were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Grand Island, NY, USA). Pharmaceutical grade chitosan oligosaccharide (M_w: 1.2 kD, 95% deacetylation) was purchased from Zhejiang Golden Schell Biochemical Co. Ltd (Zhejiang, China). The CCK-8 was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Rockville, MD, USA). Anti-POLR2A antibody, HRP-anti-rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG), HRP-anti-mouse IgG antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-Ki-67 antibody and anti-cleaved caspase-3 antibody were purchased from Cell Signalling (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-GAPDH antibody was purchased from Abgent (San Diego, CA, USA). Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody was purchased from Life Technologies (Waltham, MA, USA). Pacific Blue™ anti-mouse CD4 and APC/Cyanine7 anti-mouse CD8a antibodies were purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA).