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6 protocols using ca2 and mg2

1

Intestinal Tissue Dissociation Protocol

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Intestinal tissue samples were quickly thawed and washed in RPMI medium plus 10% FBS (Corning), 1× GlutaMax, 10 mM Hepes, 1× MEM nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Next, intestinal tissue was incubated overnight in the same media with 1 μg/ml DNase 1 and 100 μg/ml collagenase A. Tissue dissociation was performed on the gentleMACS Octo Dissociator with heaters (Miltenyi Biotec) using the heated human tumor protocol 1. Tissue was then filtered through a 70-μm nylon mesh cell strainer (Sigma). A single-cell suspension was made by washing in DPBS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Sigma).
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2

Complement-Mediated Viral Neutralization Assay

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This assay was described previously.27 Briefly, 293F-Spike-Delta cells, described above, were incubated with 100 μl of diluted plasma (10-fold) for 30 min at 4 °C. Cells were washed twice and resuspended in R10 media. Lyophilized guinea pig complement (CL4051, Cedarlane, Burlington, Canada, cat. no. CL4051) was reconstituted per the manufacturer’s instructions in 1 mL cold water and centrifuged to remove aggregates for 5 min at 4 °C. Cells were washed with PBS and resuspended in 200 μl of guinea pig complement, which was prepared at a 1:50 dilution in Gelatin Veronal Buffer with Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, cat. no. G6514). After incubation at 37 °C for 20 min, cells were washed in PBS 15 mM EDTA (ThermoFisher Scientific Baltics UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania, cat. no. AM9260G) and stained with an anti-guinea pig complement C3 FITC (polyclonal, MPBiomedicals, Solon, OH, USA, cat. no. 0855385). Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution (Tousimis, Rockville, MD, USA, cat. no. 1008B) and fluorescence was evaluated on a LSRII (BD Bioscience).
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3

Membrane Staining of CHO-K1-hM4R Cells

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CHO-K1-hM4R cells were grown as described above and seeded with a density of 25 000 cells per well into a µ-Plate 96 well Black plate (Ibidi, Gräfelfing, Germany) 5 h before the experiment. A stock solution of 1 mM 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) (Invitrogen, Eugene, Oregon, USA) in DMSO stored at −20°C was thawed and sonicated in an ultrasound bath for 5 min to disrupt aggregates. Cell medium was removed and replaced with 200 µl per well of 2 µM DiI in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) with Mg2+ and Ca2+ (Sigma-Aldrich) to stain the cell membranes. The cells were incubated with the solution for 10 min before imaging. The cells were imaged with Cytation 5 cell imaging multi-mode plate reader equipped with 20X LUCPLFLN objective (Olympus) from Bright-field and RFP channels (LED light source with excitation filter 531(40) nm and emission filter 593(40) nm for RFP channel (BioTek Instruments) with the following parameters for bright-field: LED intensity = 4, integration time = 110 ms, camera gain = 24 and for RFP fluorescence channel: LED intensity = 1, integration time = 71 ms, camera gain = 24. The cells were imaged in the montage mode (196 locations) with Z-stack (10 planes, 4 planes below and 5 planes above focus) to cover any imaging location-dependent variability and simulate potential autofocusing errors.
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4

Isolation of Immune Cells from Tissues

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Spleens were minced into small pieces and digested in 1 mL of RPMI (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 200 U/mL collagenase IV (Worthington) and 0.2 mg/mL DNAse I (Roche) for 30 min at 37 °C while shaking. After digestion, cells were passed through a 70 µm strainer and washed once with FACS buffer (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1% fetal calf serum (FCS), 2.5 mM EDTA, 0.02% sodium azide). Erythrocytes were lysed with Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer Hybri-Max (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 min at room temperature (RT), washed once, and resuspended in FACS buffer for further analysis. Bone marrow from adult mice was isolated from femurs and tibiae by flushing, and bone marrow from mice under 2 weeks of age was isolated by crushing the bones through a 70 μm cell strainer. Erythrocytes were lysed as above and cells were resuspended in FACS buffer for further analysis. Liver was minced into small pieces and digested in 2 mL PBS containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ (Sigma-Aldrich) with 1 mg/mL collagenase IV (Worthington), 60 U/mL DNAse I (Roche), 2.4 mg/mL Dispase II (Roche), and 3% FCS (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min at 37 °C while shaking. After digestion, cells were passed through a 100 µm strainer and centrifuged for 3 min at 50 g at 4 °C, to pellet hepatocytes. The supernatant was collected and recentrifuged for 7 min at 320 × g at 4 °C. Pelleted cells were resuspended in FACS buffer for further analysis.
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5

Coating Polystyrene Plates with Fibronectin

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Bovine plasma fibronectin (Sigma), ZT and ZT Fn10 assemblies were diluted in low-endotoxin Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) without Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ (Merck Millipore) to 1 µg/ mL for Bovine plasma fibronectin (Sigma) and to 1, 5, 10, 20 µg/ mL for ZT and ZT Fn10 . Coating of 96-well polystyrene plates (Corning) was performed by deposition, which ensued by adding 100 μL substrate solution to each well and incubating overnight at 37°C. After 24 h, solutions were removed by aspiration and wells dried by exposure to air for 15 min under a laminar flow.
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6

Inhibiting EpCAM Reduces A2780 Cell Proliferation

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The effect of inhibiting EpCAM on the proliferation of the A2780 cells was determined using an MTT assay. The cells were cultured at a density of 5x10 3 cells/well in 96-well cell culture plates (Nunc™ MicroWell™; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) for 24 h. The cells were treated with various concentrations of anti-EPCAM antibody (1 and 10 ng/ml; Abcam, Cambridge, UK; cat. no. ab85987) and were incubated for 30 and 60 min, and 48 h at 37˚C. The viability of the treated cells was assessed by MTT assay. Tetrazolium dye (Merck KGaA) was dissolved in PBS with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ (5 mg/ml; Merck KGaA) and 15 µl of this solution was added to the cell culture. The amount of formazan dye dissolved in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution was determined by quantifying its absorbance at 570 nm using the FLUOstar Omega Microplate Reader (BMG Labtech GmbH, Ortenberg, Germany). The proliferation rate (PR) was calculated via the following equation: PR (%)=(absorbance of treatment probe/absorbance of control probe) x100.
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