Absolute ethanol

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (0.1 M, pH 7.2) was bought from Beijing Oka Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Glacial acetic acid and absolute ethanol were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China).

Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Euodiae, Radix Ginseng, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Fructus Capsici were purchased from Tongrentang Group Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) and authenticated by Professor Bin Han (School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China).
Distilled water was purified using a Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Deuterium oxide (D₂O, 99.9%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O), disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and absolute ethanol were obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangdong, China).

DMEM high glucose medium (lot number: 201809) was purchased from gibco; Sijiqing fetal bovine serum (lot number: 20180325) was purchased from Hangzhou Tianhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; (PBS) Phosphate buffer (batch number: 20180928), penicillin-streptomycin mixed solution (batch number: 201803), 0.25% trypsin digestion solution (batch number: 201710), EDTA-free trypsin digestion solution (lot number: 201901) were purchased from Solarbio, USA; Enhanced CCK-8 reagent was purchased from Shanghai Shangbao Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; (DMSO) dimethyl sulfoxide (lot number: EZ1609C224) was purchased from Biofroxx; AnnexinV-FITC/PI apoptosis double staining kit (lot number: 20181217), 1 × Binding Buffer (lot number: 20190114) were purchased from Jiangsu KGI Bio; Homo-BAX-R, Homo-BAX-F, Homo-Bcl2-R, Homo-Bcl-2-F, Homo-CASP3-R, Homo-CASP3-F, Homo-ACTB-R, Homo-ACTB-F were purchased from Shanghai Shenggong Synthetic Company; RNA extraction kit (article number: 9767, batch number: 20181124), reverse transcription kit (article number: RR036A), TB Green Premix Taq (article number: RR820) were purchased from TAKARA; absolute ethanol (article number: 64–17-5) was purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory; 25 cm air-permeable culture flask, 96-well plate, 6-well plate, and cryotube were purchased from corning; 0.22 μM syringe filter was purchased from Millipore.