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Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate pma

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Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a chemical compound that acts as a potent protein kinase C activator. It is commonly used as a research tool in cell biology and biochemistry laboratories.

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975 protocols using phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate pma

1

Immune Modulation Protocol

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Recombinant human TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, GM-CSF and M-CSF were purchased from BioLegend. Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA) (Millipore, USA) and PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and kept at −80 °C until use. FuGene®HD transfection reagent (Roche, USA) was used for plasmid transfection and puromycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used to select transduced cells. Nivolumab (Opdivo®) (Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA) was used to block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vitro.
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2

Comprehensive Cellular Phenotyping Protocol

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For cellular phenotyping, cells were washed, incubated with anti-CD16 to block Fc receptors and stained with VIVID (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) to exclude dead cells. Cells were surface stained in cocktails with different combinations of fluorescent dye-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) depending on the panel that included antibodies raised against CD3ε, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD11b, Ly6C, Ly6G, F4/80, NKp46, CD127 (IL-7Rα), CCR6 and γδTCR (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). For intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) experiments, single cell suspensions of spleen, MLN, small intestinal IELs (sIEL) and sLPLs, colonic IELs (cIEL) and cLPLs were re-stimulated for 4 hours with 40ng/mL phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 2μg/mL ionomycin (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) in the presence of brefeldin A (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cells were surface stained as above then were fixed and permeabilized using the eBioscience Foxp3 buffer system and stained with antibodies against mouse IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, RORγt and/or Foxp3 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cells were acquired on a BD LSRII. Data were analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
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3

Comprehensive Cellular Phenotyping Protocol

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For cellular phenotyping, cells were washed, incubated with anti-CD16 to block Fc receptors and stained with VIVID (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) to exclude dead cells. Cells were surface stained in cocktails with different combinations of fluorescent dye-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) depending on the panel that included antibodies raised against CD3ε, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD11b, Ly6C, Ly6G, F4/80, NKp46, CD127 (IL-7Rα), CCR6 and γδTCR (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). For intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) experiments, single cell suspensions of spleen, MLN, small intestinal IELs (sIEL) and sLPLs, colonic IELs (cIEL) and cLPLs were re-stimulated for 4 hours with 40ng/mL phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 2μg/mL ionomycin (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) in the presence of brefeldin A (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cells were surface stained as above then were fixed and permeabilized using the eBioscience Foxp3 buffer system and stained with antibodies against mouse IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, RORγt and/or Foxp3 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cells were acquired on a BD LSRII. Data were analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
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4

Platelet Activation Mechanisms Investigated

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Doxorubicin hydrochloride was from ThermoFisher Scientific™ (Cat. No: J64000.MA, Waltham, MA, USA). SAC was from MedChemexpress Co., Ltd. (Cat. No. HY-N0319, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Piceatannol was from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Go 6983 and m-3M3FBS were purchased from Selleck Chemicals, LLC (Cat. No. S0982, Houston, TX, USA). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was from Millipore. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, clone 4G10, was obtained from Millipore (Cat. No. 05-321X). Phospho-(Ser/Thr) Phe Antibody was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). All antibodies for flow cytometry were obtained from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Alexa Fluor™ 647-conjugated Fibrinogen from human plasma was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Cat. No. F35200, St. Louis, MO, USA). Fibrinogen from human plasma was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Cat. No. F3879). Anti-GPIbβ antibodies conjugated with DyLight 649 were from Emfret Analytics (Eibelstadt, Bayern, Germany). CellTracker™ Green CMFDA Dye was from ThermoFisher Scientific™.
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5

Metformin's Effects on CRPC Progression

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Tumors under the renal capsule PDXs were surgically removed after tumor growth for 1 month, and the recurrence of tumor after several months was designated as the occurrence of CRPC. Based on the experimental requirements, to analyze the effects of Metformin, 20 CRPC mice (when the tumor exceeded 800 mm3) were grouped, with 5 mice in each group, as follows: High concentration group, 270 mg/kg/day; medium concentration group, 90 mg/kg/day; and low concentration group, 30 mg/kg/day (oral administration). The control group was treated with 0.9% physiological saline. The expression of PSA, PLCε, Notch1/Hes and AR proteins was detected in the tumor tissues of each group, and the tumor size was recorded; the maximum tumor sizes observed in the study was 2,318 mm3. Metformin, PLC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Notch activator Jagged1 were purchased from MilliporeSigma. An intraperitoneal injection of PMA (200 µg/kg) was administered to form the Metformin (90 mg/kg) + PMA group, while an intraperitoneal injection of Jagged1 (500 µg/kg) was administered to form the Metformin + Jagged1 group. The control group was treated with 0.9% physiological saline.
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6

Evaluation of Cocaine-Induced Immune Response

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RPMI-1640 culture medium, fetal bovine serum bovine (FBS), Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and Dextran 500 were purchased from Gibco™, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Histopaque-1077, trypan blue, levamisole hydrochloride (C11H12N2S-HCl) and hyoscine butylbromide (catalogue number, H1450000), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DRH123) were obtained from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA, USA). The Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Human Inflammatory Cytokine kit, and the anti-CD45-PeCy7 mAb (clone 30-F11) were purchased from Becton Dickinson (BD) Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). 3,3′-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DIOC6) and propidium iodide (PI) were bought from Invitrogen™ Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Sytox Green and Hoechst 33342 were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The anti-MPO-PE (clone 2C7) and antineutrophil elastase (NE)-Alexa fluor 647 (clone 950317) mAbs were purchased from Novus Biologicals Biotechne (Littleton, CO, USA). Cocaine.HCI (1.0 mg base/1 mL methanol) (analytical reference standard COC-156-HC-1LM) was purchased from Lipomed AG (Arlesheim, Basel-Country, Switzerland) and imported via Químicos® complying with all permissions of the Fondo Nacional Antidrogas (FONA) of Colombia.
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7

SILAC-Based Proteomic Analysis of Differentiated THP-1 Macrophages

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THP-1 cells, obtained from ATCC (TIB-202TM), were cultured at 37°C with 5% CO2 in RPMI-1640 media (Gibco) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (Gibco), 10 mM HEPES (MilliporeSigma), 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin (MilliporeSigma), and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco). For SILAC, THP-1 cells were grown in L-glutamine, L-arginine, and L-lysine deficient RPMI-1640 (Caisson Labs), supplemented with 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin (MilliporeSigma), 2 mM L-glutamine (MilliporeSigma), 7% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and labeled with either L-lysine and L-arginine (Lys0, Arg0), L-lysine-2H4 and L-arginine-13C6 (Lys4, Arg6), or L-lysine 13C6-15N2 and L-arginine 13C6-15N4 (Lys8, Arg10). Stable isotope-labeled amino acids were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). For experiments, THP-1 cells were differentiated with 10 ng/mL of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (MilliporeSigma) for 16–18 h. The differentiated THP-1 cells (dTHP-1) were rested in fresh media for 6 h prior to treatments.
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8

Modulating Macrophage Responses to Oxidized LDL

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The human monocytic cell line (THP-1 cells; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (HyClone; Cytiva), supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution, at 37˚C in the presence of 5% CO2. To induce macrophage differentiation, THP-1 cells were incubated with 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; MilliporeSigma) for 48 h in 6-well plates at a density of 5x105 cells/ml (28 (link)). Subsequently, the cells were pretreated for 2 h prior to incubation with ox-LDL (Guangzhou Yiyuan Biological Technology Co. Ltd.) for 24 h with one of the following compounds each time: Metformin, PD98059 (a MAPK/ERK inhibitor), compound C [5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor], erastin (a ferroptosis agonist), or ferrostatin-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor).
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9

Receptor Binding and Ligand Assay Protocols

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ABK5-1 was purchased from ChemBridge Corporation (San Diego, CA, USA) and ABK5-2 was from Enamine (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). [3H]CP,55940 and [35S]GTPγS were purchased from PerkinElmer life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). CLCX12 was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were purchased from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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10

Ago Protein Immunoprecipitation and Analysis

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THP-1 cells (TIB-202TM) were from ATCC. RPMI 1640 media and Fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco. HEPES, penicillin/streptomycin, L-glutamine, Hanks’ balanced salt solution, M199 medium, folic acid, hemin, adenosine, Pepstatin A, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), PreScission enzyme (GE27-0843-01), and Amicon® Ultra-2 centrifugal filter devices (UFC200324) were purchased from Millipore Sigma. Anti-Ago1 (5053), anti-Ago2 (2897), anti-Ago3 (5054), anti-Lamin A/C (2032), anti-Calreticulin (12238), and anti-Calnexin (2679) were purchased from Cell Signaling. Anti-GST (SC-138), anti-HSC70 (HSP70) (SC-7298), and anti-Actin (SC-47778) were from Santa Cruz biotechnology. Anti-GAPDH (G041) was from Abm, and anti TRBP (Ab42018) was purchased from Abcam. RPMI 1640 media lacking L-glutamine, L-arginine, and L-lysine was purchased from Caisson labs. North2South Hybridization buffer (37549), North2South Hybridization Stringency Wash Buffer (37555), and Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid Detection Module kit (89880) were purchased from ThermoScientific.
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