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Anti tubulin

Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, China, France, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe

Anti-tubulin is a laboratory reagent used to study the structure and function of microtubules, which are essential components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. It functions by binding to tubulin, the structural protein that makes up microtubules, and inhibiting their polymerization or depolymerization, depending on the specific anti-tubulin compound used.

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542 protocols using anti tubulin

1

Amyloid-beta Peptide Preparation

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Anti-ATG5 and anti-ATG12 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA) and anti-tubulin was from Millipore (MA, USA). Synthetic Aβ1–40 peptides (Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA) were dissolved in 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and sequentially lyophilized. Lyophilized peptide was redissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
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2

Quantitative Protein Expression Analysis

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Proteins were isolated from snap frozen liver tissue using standard techniques. Equal amounts of protein extract were denatured and separated on 4-12% NuPAGE Bis-Tris Gels and transferred on to PVDF membranes (Lifetech, UK), which were then probed with anti-DDAH-1 (Abcam), anti-DDAH-2 (Abcam) and anti-tubulin (Millipore) monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques. The bands were visualized using an enhanced ECL detection kit (Amersham, UK) and quantified by densitometry.
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3

Western Blot Antibody Reagents

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Anti-S6K (#9202), anti-phospho S6K Thr389 (#9234), anti-AKT (#9272), anti-phospho AKT Ser473 (#9271), anti-LAT1 (#5347), anti-mTOR (#2983), anti-Raptor (#2280), anti-Flag (#14793), and anti-Rictor (#2140) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Anti-tubulin (05-829) was purchased from Millipore. Anti-β-actin (A700-057) and anti-Flag M2 (F1804) were purchased from Sigma. HA-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (11-814-150-001) was purchased from Roche. Anti-HA (sc-7392) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anti-LAMP2 (ab25631) and anti-sodium potassium ATPase (ab76020) were purchased from Abcam.
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4

Antibody Panel for EMT Evaluation

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shZeb1 plasmid was purchased from Sigma. The following antibodies were obtained as indicated: anti-Collagen IV (Santa Cruz); anti-fibronectin (Abcam); anti-Ki67 (Spring Bioscience); anti-active-caspase3 (Millipore); anti-Snail (Cell Signaling); anti-E-cadherin (BD Biosciences); anti-N-cadherin (Millipore); anti-Vimentin (Thermo Scientific); anti-Twist (Santa Cruz); anti-Tubulin (Millipore).
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5

Immunoblotting of Ubiquitination Pathway Proteins

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Purified His6-MavC was used to raise rabbit specific antibodies using a standard protocol (Pocono Rabbit Farm & Laboratory). The antibodies were affinity purified as describe38 (link). For immunoblotting, samples resolved by SDS-PAGE were transferred onto 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membranes (Pall Life Sciences cat# 66485). Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk, incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies: anti-UbE2N (Cell signaling, cat# 6999S, Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat# 37–1100), 1:1,000; anti-Flag (Sigma, Cat# F1804), 1: 2000; anti-HA (Santa Cruz, cat# sc-7392 1:1,000, Roche, cat# 11867423001 1:5,000), anti-ICDH39 (link), 1:10,000, anti-actin (Sigma, cat# A2103), 1:5,000, anti-tubulin (DSHB, E7) 1:10,000, anti-Ub K63 (Millipore, cat# 05–1308), 1:1,000, anti-IκBα (Cell signaling, cat# 9242S), 1:1,000, anti-Ub (Santa Cruz cat#sc-8017), 1:1,000, anti-p-IκBα (Cell Signaling, cat# 9246S), 1:1000, anti-UbE2K (Cell Signaling, cat# 8226S), 1:1000, anti-UbE2S (Cell Signaling, cat# 11878S), 1:1000, anti-UbE2E2 (Abcam, cat# Ab177485), 1:1000, anti-His (Sigma, cat# H1029), 1:10,000, anti-p65 (Cell signaling, cat# 8242S), 1:500. Membranes were then incubated with an appropriate IRDye infrared secondary antibody and scanned using an Odyssey infrared imaging system (Li-Cor’s Biosciences).
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6

Quantitative Protein Analysis of Satellite Cells

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Satellite cells were harvested and lysed in RIPA buffer with 1% PMSF on ice. The total protein concentration of the extract was tested by PerkinElmer VICTOR x2 multilabel plate reader using Enhanced BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime, P0009). After that, the supernatant was heated at 95°C for 5 min in 5× sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample loading buffer. Equal amounts of cells lysate were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and they were incubated with primary antibody at 4°C overnight. The primary antibody includes anti-(myosin heavy chain antibody) MYHC (Millipore, China, 1:3,000 dilution), anti-tubulin (Millipore, China, 1:2,000 dilution). Then, the PVDF membrane incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody (1:4,000) for 1 h at 37°C. Enhanced chemiluminescence substrates was used to visualize signals (Beyotime, China, Cat#P0018A). The fold changes in protein levels were normalized to β-tubulin for quantitative analysis by ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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The cell lysates were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore) using standard electroblotting procedures. The blots were then blocked and incubated overnight at 4 °C with anti-NUP153 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-VEGF (Abcam), anti-basic fibroblast growth factor (Abcam), anti-hepatocyte growth factor (Abcam), and anti-tubulin (Millipore) primary antibodies. Immunolabeling was detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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8

Quantifying mRNA and Protein Expression

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Total RNA from cultured cells or tissues was purified using TRIzol (Invitrogen) for cDNA synthesis (ABI High Capacity Reverse Transcription Kit). Relative mRNA expression was quantified by qPCR using SYBR Green dye (ABI) and specific primers (see Table S1 for primer sequences). For Western Blotting, whole cell lysates were prepared with RIPA buffer, separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to ImmobilonP membranes (Millipore). The following antibodies were used: anti-CLK2 (NeoBioLab), anti-UCP1 (Abcam), pCREB (Cell Signaling), total CREB (Cell Signaling), anti-Tubulin (Milipore), anti-Lamin (Abcam), anti-Actin (Cell Signaling), anti-Porin (Abcam) anti-pAKT S473 (Cell Signaling), and anti-Pan AKT (Cell Signaling).
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9

Radiation-Induced Protein Analysis

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Cells were treated as in the colony formation assay, their lysates were subsequently collected using a cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology) supplemented with a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Thermo) 1 hour after irradiation, and then quantified using the Pierce bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo). The total proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. After blocking with 5% skim milk, the proteins on the membrane were probed using the following primary antibodies, anti-phospho-ATM (Ser1981), anti-ATM (both Cell Signaling Technology), anti-actin, and anti-tubulin (both Millipore), followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research). The bound antibodies were visualized using chemiluminescence (Opti-ECL, Bioman).
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10

Sp Transcription Factor Western Blotting and ChIP

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For Western blotting and ChIP of Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 in MEFs, we used homemade rabbit antibodies [7 (link),42 (link)] affinity-purified against the respective recombinant Sp factor. Anti-Sp3 antibodies (Santa Cruz, sc-644) were used for the Western blot shown in Fig. 3B, and anti-Sp2 antibodies (Santa Cruz, sc-643) for ChIP-seq of Sp2 in HEK293 cells. Additional antibodies: Anti-Nf-ya (Santa Cruz, sc-10779), anti-Nf-yb (Genespin, PAb001), anti-Nf-yc (Santa Cruz, sc-7715-R), anti-Flag M2 (Sigma, F3165), anti-Tubulin (Millipore, MAB3408).
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