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15 protocols using raw 264

1

Murine Macrophage Culture and Ars. alb 30C Treatment

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Murine macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 were obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India and cultured in DMEM complete medium under standard cell culture conditions59 (link). Ars. alb 30C was procured from Dr. Reckeweg.co, Germany and was used at a dilution of 10–4 with complete media by serial dilution. Treatment was done for 24 h as per the standardised protocol. Since the drug was prepared in alcohol (90% ethanol), we included a solvent control (SC) as 90% ethanol which was also diluted to 10–4 with complete media60 (link).
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2

Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds

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Melting points were determined in open capillary Toshniwal melting point apparatus (Toshniwal Instruments, Chennai, India). Infrared spectra were recorded on Shimadzu FT-IR-8300/8700 as KBr disc (v/cm-1). Purity of compounds was routinely checked by TLC on silica gel (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The mass spectra of OSD and OPD were obtained using Shimadzu GC-MS QP5050. IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu spectrophotometer with KBr pellets. NMR spectra were taken on spectrometer at 400 MHZ.
λ-Carrageenan, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), o-dianisidine hydrochloride, 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), lipopolysaccharide from E. coli 0111:B4 (LPS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC., St.Louis, MO, USA. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was purchased from Gibco®, Life Technologies Corporation, NY, USA. Murine macrophage cell-line RAW 264.7 was purchased from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India. The various chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade.
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3

Culturing Diverse Cancer Cell Lines

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Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human glioblastoma (U87), murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and human lung fibroblast (WI-38) cell lines were purchased from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. All the cells were grown in DMEM except A549 cells, which were grown in Ham’s F-12 medium. Both the media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 100 U/ml Penicillin G, 50 μg/ml Gentamycin sulphate, 100 μg/ml Streptomycin and 2.5 μg/ml Amphotericin B. Cells were maintained in the laboratory at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 in CO2 incubator.
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4

Cell Culture Protocol for BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7

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Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were a kind gift sample from Dr. Anurag Agrawal, IGIB, New Delhi, India, and these cells were cultured in a 1:1 ratio of DMEM low glucose and F12K Ham’s media. Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) were procured from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India and cells were cultured in DMEM medium. The cells were grown in a humidified CO2 incubator supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, USA).
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5

Biopolymer Toxicity Evaluation in Macrophages

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Biopolymer toxicity was evaluated in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines procured from the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. RAW 264.7 were maintained in complete RPMI (Rosewell Park Memorial Institute Medium) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. For assaying toxicity, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well. The purified E. hirae biopolymer was added at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 µg/mL, respectively, in the culture medium for 24 or 48 h. The cell-surviving rate was quantitated by MTT assay by adding 20 µL of 5 mg/mL MTT to each well followed by incubation for 3 h. The supernatant was removed and 200 µL DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) was added to each well. The absorbance of each well was measured (570 nm) using a microplate reader.
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6

Cell Culture of Caco-2 and RAW 264.7

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Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines (obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India) were grown at 37 °C in humidified incubator with 5% CO2. The culture medium, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 50 U/ml of streptomycin and 100 U/ml of penicillin was changed every 2 days.
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7

Macrophage response to AuNP exposure

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Murine macrophage (RAW264.7) and human monocytic (THP-1) cells were purchased from the National Centre For Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India, and cultured in medium containing 5 mM D-glucose, and 10% FBS. THP-1 cells were treated with phorbol myristate acetate (20 nmol/L) for differentiation into the adherent macrophages. As per the experimental need, cells were sub-cultured with/without additional glucose (25 mM) followed by different concentrations of AuNPs (1, 5, 10 and 20 nM) for 24 h.
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8

Culturing RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages

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The RAW 264.7 (macrophage) murine cell line was procured from the National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. Cells were cultured and maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (4.5 g L−1) with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% antibiotic-antimycotic, cultured in a T-75 cm2 flask, and kept at 37 °C in an incubator with 5% atmospheric CO2 and observed daily using an inverted microscope, Leica DMi1.
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9

Culturing Murine Macrophage Cell Line

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RAW 264.7 (murine macrophages) cell line was obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune. The cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C. Medium for all the cell lines was DMEM supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
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10

Murine and Human Cell Line Maintenance

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The murine macrophage (RAW264.7) and human monocytic (THP-1) cell lines were procured from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. The cell lines were maintained in the cell culture laboratory of the Department of Zoology, Gauhati University. Both the cell lines were grown in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium or DMEM (HiMedia) and RPMI 1640 (HiMedia) respectively. The media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml Penicillin, 100μg/ml Streptomycin. The cell lines were preserved at 37°C and 5% CO 2 in a CO 2 incubator. The cell lines were subjected to Mycoplasma detection prior to the experiments following the PCR-based method (Young et al., 2010; Uphoff et al., 2013) . The details of primers used have been given in Table 1.
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