Ct 4008

The electrochemical measurements of the as-prepared active materials were performed according to previously reported procedures [49 (link)]. Specifically, CR2032-type coin cells were assembled in an argon-filled glove box with the contents of moisture and oxygen less than 0.5 ppm. 70 wt% of the product (e.g., V₂O₅@FeOOH-1, FeOOH, and V₂O₅·nH₂O) was mixed with 20 wt% multiwalled carbon nanotube and 10 wt% polyvinylidene difluoride into NMP to prepare the working electrode. The as-obtained slurry was uniformly pasted on the Cu foil with a mass loading of about 1 mg cm⁻² and dried under vacuum at 60°C for 24 h to remove the solvent. For the LIBs test, the lithium metal foil was used as the counter/reference electrode, 1.0 M LiPF₆ dissolved into a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (EC/DMC/EMC, 1 : 1 : 1, v/v/v) was used as electrolyte, and Celgard 2400 membrane was used as the separator. The galvanostatic charge-discharge tests at various current densities were conducted with a battery testing system (NEWARE, CT-4008) under a voltage range of 0.01 to 3.0 V. The CV curves were obtained on a Bio-logic (VMP-300) electrochemical workstation.

The electrochemical performance was evaluated using CR2032 coin cells assembled in a high-purity argon-filled glove box with the moisture and oxygen content maintained below 0.1 ppm. The working electrode consisted of 70 wt.% LiMn₂O₄ spheres, 20 wt.% acetylene black and 10 wt.% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder. Pure lithium foil was used as the counter electrode. The separator was Celgard 2400. The electrolyte was 1.0 M LiPF₆ in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate solvent (1:1:1 v/v/v, Shenzhen Keijing Star Tech. Co.). The cells were aged for 12 h before measurement. All cyclic voltammogram tests were performed on an electrochemical workstation (Ivium-Vertex, Ivium Technologies, Holland). The galvanostatic charge/discharge tests were carried out using a Battery Testing system (CT-4008, NEWARE, China) with a voltage window of 3.0–4.5 V vs. Li⁺/Li at room temperature.

Zn served as the anode, glass fiber membrane served as diaphragms, and 3 M Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ served as the electrolyte in CR2016-type coin cells used to investigate the Zn²⁺ storage properties of P-MoS₂. To manufacture the working electrode, P-MoS₂ (70 weight percent), super p carbon (20 weight percent), and polyvinylidene fluoride (10 weight percent) were thoroughly blended in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone for 15 min. Finally, the aforementioned slurry was distributed over a clean stainless steel mesh and dried for 24 h at 60 °C. On a Neware battery tester (CT4008), galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) experiments were carried out continuously between 0.25 and 1.25 V (vs. Zn/Zn²⁺). An electrochemical workstation was used for the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments (CHI-660D). When the batteries were completely charged, impedance measurements were taken (zinc extraction). At room temperature, all tests were conducteddw.

The PANI/Zn batteries were assembled using PANI film with stainless-steel substrates as the cathode, Zn foil (diameter: 15.6 mm, thickness: 50 μm) as the anode, and Whatman glass fiber as the separator in CR2032 coin cells. A 2 M quantity of Zn (CF₃SO₃)₂ was used as the aqueous electrolyte. All cells were assembled in the ambient environment. The electrochemical performance measurements were performed by a multichannel battery testing system (CT-4008, Neware, Shenzhen, China) with a voltage window of 0.3–1.8 V (vs. Zn²⁺/Zn) at 20 °C. The specific capacity was calculated based on the mass of PANI in cathode. CV curves were collected on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai, China) within the same voltage window at different scan rates from 0.1 to 1 mV s⁻¹. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were performed in a frequency range of 10⁻²~10⁵ Hz with an AC voltage amplitude of 5 mV (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai, China).

The S@NC-NSs were mixed with acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a weight ratio of 7:2:1 to form a homogeneous slurry in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Then, the slurry was uniformly coated on Al foil (15 μm) and vacuum dried at 60°C for 12 h. The coin-type cells were assembled with S@NC-NSs as cathode and Li metal foil as anode. The electrolyte consisted of 1 M lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) in 1,3 dioxolane/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DOL/DME) (1:1, v/v) containing 0.2 M LiNO₃. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the range of 100 kHz and 10 mHz and the cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a scan rate of 0.1 mV s⁻¹ from 1.7 to 2.8 V were conducted on an electrochemical work station (CHI760E). The galvanostatic charging-discharging (GCD) tests were carried out on Neware battery testing system (CT-4008) with different current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 5.0 C.