All patients fasted for at least six hours and blood glucose level was < 200 mg/dL at the time of PET/CT. Whole-body PET and CT images were acquired 60 min after injection of 5.0 MBq/kg FDG without intravenous or oral contrast on a Discovery LS, a Discovery STE, or a Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Continuous spiral CT was performed with an eight-slice helical CT (140 keV, 40–120 mA, Discovery LS) or 16-slice helical CT (140 keV, 30–170 mA, Discovery STE; 120 keV, 30–100 mA, Discovery MI DR). An emission scan was performed from head to thigh for 4 min per frame in two-dimensional mode (Discovery LS), 2.5 min per frame in three-dimensional mode (Discovery STE), or 2 min per frame in three-dimensional mode (Discovery MI DR). PET images were reconstructed using CT for attenuation correction using the ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm with 28 subsets and 2 iterations (matrix 128 × 128, voxel size 4.3 × 4.3 × 3.9 mm, Discovery LS), ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm with 20 subsets and two iterations (matrix 128 × 128, voxel size 3.9 × 3.9 × 3.3 mm, Discovery STE), or ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm with 18 subsets and four iterations (matrix 192 × 192, voxel size 3.9 × 3.9 × 3.3 mm, Discovery MI DR). The SUV was calculated by adjusting for administered FDG dose and patient body weight.
Discovery ls
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Discovery LS is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by GE Healthcare. It is designed to provide high-quality imaging capabilities for a variety of research and clinical applications. The core function of the Discovery LS is to capture and analyze images using advanced imaging technologies.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Discovery ste, by GE Healthcare (11 mentions)
Lightspeed plus, by GE Healthcare (6 mentions)
Xeleris workstation, by GE Healthcare (6 mentions)
Xeleris, by GE Healthcare (5 mentions)
Advance nxi, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Discovery 690, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Discovery vct, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Gemini tf 16, by Philips (4 mentions)
Biograph tp16, by Siemens (4 mentions)
Gemini tf64, by Philips (4 mentions)
Gemini gxl, by Philips (4 mentions)
Discovery ste pet ct scanner, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Discovery st, by GE Healthcare (3 mentions)
Biograph 16, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Discovery d690 time of flight, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Lightspeed pro 16, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Biograph los, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Biograph pet ct scanner, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Discovery mi dr pet ct scanner, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Biograph sensation 16, by Siemens (1 mentions)
92 protocols using discovery ls
1
FDG-PET/CT Imaging Protocol for Metabolic Assessment
2
PET Imaging of [18F]-FLT Uptake
3
Standardized PET/CT Imaging Protocol
4
FDG-PET/CT Imaging Protocol for CRT
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The images were acquired with the arms positioned over the head and with free breathing. Six to eight bed positions per patient were acquired from the head to the upper third of the thighs. The FDG-PET scanners used were as follows: Biograph Sensation 16 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), Gemini (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and Discovery LS (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukie, OR, USA). A specific phantom [29 (link)] was developed and used to compare and follow the quality control of the PET devices in the participating centres. For each patient, two FDG-PET scans were performed using the same machine and under the same operational conditions, i.e. the patients fasted overnight or for at least 6 h, blood glucose levels were measured before each FDG-PET/CT. A total of 4.5 MBq/kg was administered intravenously after a rest period of at least 20 min. The acquisitions had to start at 60 ± 10 min post-injection. The same post-injection delay (±5 min) was mandatory for PET2 during CRT. Reconstruction of the PET images was performed using ordered subset expectation maximisation (OSEM). The PET images were corrected for random coincidences, scatter and attenuation using the CT scan data.
5
11C-MET PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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Patients fasted for at least 3 h prior to the PET study. In PET center (A), the PET/CT examination was performed with a Discovery LS (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) 20 min after intravenous injection of 220.8–738.8 MBq (mean 418.7 MBq) 11C-MET, using the 3D acquisition mode (n = 13) for a 10-min static scan. For attenuation correction, a non-enhanced CT scan was acquired, and attenuation-corrected images were reconstructed using the ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm. In PET center (B), 42 PET/CT examinations were performed with a Biograph 16 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) 20 min after injection of 370 MBq 11C-MET, using the 3D acquisition mode for a 10-min static scan. For attenuation correction, a non-enhanced CT scan was acquired, and attenuation-corrected images were reconstructed using OSEM. In PET center (C), 17 PET examinations were performed using an ECAT ACCEL (Siemens) 20 min after injection of 400 MBq 11C-MET, using the 3D acquisition mode for a 10-min static scan. 68Ge/68Ga sources were used for the transmission scan. At all centers, patients were placed in the scanner so that slices parallel to the orbitomeatal line could be obtained.
6
PET/CT Imaging and Nodular FDG Uptake
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FDG PET/CT images were acquired using a PET/CT device (Discovery LS; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA), which consisted of a PET scanner (Advance NXi; GE Healthcare) and an eight-slice CT scanner (Light-Speed Plus; GE Healthcare). A nuclear medicine physician who was unaware of clinicopathologic information interpreted the PET images. ROIs were drawn over the most intense area of FDG uptake for semi-quantitative analysis. When it was not possible to evaluate nodular FDG uptake, an ROI was drawn in a presumed nodular location considering CT component images of PET/CT. FDG uptake within the ROIs was calculated as SUVmax.
7
18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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18F-FDG PET was performed with a combined PET/CT scanner (Discovery LS; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) used mainly for clinical purposes. The PET/CT scanner incorporates an integrated four-slice multidetector CT scanner used for attenuation correction. The CT scanning parameters were as follows: auto mA (upper limit, 40 mA; noise index, 20), 140 kVp, 5-mm section thickness, 15-mm table feed, and pitch of 4. After fasting for at least 4 h, patients received intravenous injection of 185 MBq of 18F-FDG and image acquisition began 50 min after the injection. Whole-body emission scanning was performed from the head to the inguinal region with 2 min per bed position (seven to eight bed positions). PET data were reconstructed by ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), selecting 14 subsets and 2 iterations, a 128 × 128 matrix, voxel size (width, length and height) = 4 × 4 × 4.25 mm, and post-smoothing with an 8-mm Gaussian filter. The reconstructed images were then converted to semi-quantitative images corrected by the injection dose and subject’s body weight (= standardized uptake value: SUV)11 (link).
8
Standardized PET/CT and CE-CT Protocols
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All PET/CT and CE-CT examinations followed basic study protocols. For PET/CT, patients fasted for at least four hours, FDG dosage was body-weight adjusted, the uptake time was standardized to 60 minutes in supine position, a non-enhanced CT scan was performed and used for attenuation correction, and data was acquired with arms overhead whenever possible. Blood glucose levels <12 mmol/l were accepted. Body weight, height, and blood glucose level were measured prior to imaging. Five different types of PET/CT scanners were used throughout the study period, i.e. Discovery STE, Discovery LS, Discovery RX, Discovery MI, and Discovery 690 (all GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). To compensate for differences in the sensitivity of the different PET/CT scanner generations, we measured the metabolic activity in the mediastinal blood pool and in the liver tissue for reference.
For CE-CT of the abdomen, 80 ml iodinated contrast material (Visipaque® 320, GE Healthcare) were injected, timed for imaging at the portal venous phase with a tube voltage of 120 kV and a tube current–time product of 100–320 mAs. If patients had a recent CE-CT of the region of interest prior to the PET/CT, the CE-CT was not repeated.
For CE-CT of the abdomen, 80 ml iodinated contrast material (Visipaque® 320, GE Healthcare) were injected, timed for imaging at the portal venous phase with a tube voltage of 120 kV and a tube current–time product of 100–320 mAs. If patients had a recent CE-CT of the region of interest prior to the PET/CT, the CE-CT was not repeated.
9
Fasting PET/CT Protocol for Metabolic Imaging
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All subjects fasted for at least 6 hours and were verified to have blood glucose < 200 mg/dL at the time of the 18F-FDG injection. PET/CT scanning was performed using the Discovery LS (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). A whole-body CT scan was performed with a continuous spiral technique using an 8-slice helical CT with a gantry rotation speed of 0.8 seconds. CT scan data were collected at 40–120 mAs adjusted to patient body weight, 140 keV, a section width of 5 mm, and a table feed of 5 mm per rotation. No intravenous or oral contrast material was used. After the CT scan, an emission scan was obtained from the thighs to the head, at 4 minutes per frame over 60 minutes, following an intravenous injection of up to 370 MBq 18F-FDG. Attenuation-corrected PET images from the CT data were reconstructed using an ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm (28 subsets and 2 iterations). The standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated by adjusting for patient body weight and the actual dose of 18F-FDG. Commercial software (AW version 4.4, GE Healthcare) was used to co-register the separate CT and PET scan data.
10
FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol for Metabolic Assessment
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All patients fasted for at least six hours and had blood glucose levels of less than 200 mg/dL at the time of their FDG PET/CT scans. Whole-body PET and CT images from the basal skull to mid-thigh were acquired 60 min after the injection of 5.0 MBq/kg FDG without intravenous or oral contrast on a Discovery LS, a Discovery STE, or a Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Continuous spiral CT was performed with an 8-slice helical CT (140 keV, 40–120 mA; Discovery LS) or 16-slice helical CT (140 keV, 30–170 mA; Discovery STE, 120 keV, 30–100 mA; Discovery MI DR). An emission scan was then obtained from head to thigh for 4 min per frame in 2-dimensional mode (Discovery LS), 2.5 min per frame in 3-dimensional mode (Discovery STE), or 2 min per frame in 3-dimensional mode (Discovery MI DR). PET images were reconstructed using CT for attenuation correction by the ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm with 28 subsets and 2 iterations (matrix 128 × 128, voxel size 4.3 × 4.3 × 3.9 mm; Discovery LS), 20 subsets and 2 iterations (matrix 128 × 128, voxel size 3.9 × 3.9 × 3.3 mm; Discovery STE), or 18 subsets and 4 iterations (matrix 192 × 192, voxel size 3.9 × 3.9 × 3.3 mm; Discovery MI DR). SUV was calculated by adjusting for the administered FDG dose and patient body weight.
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