Pain thresholds in response to mechanical pressure applied to the skin were obtained using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, CT) that registers the applied force. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was determined as the force (pressure/unit area, lb/in2) at which the patient first reported pain (using an NRS0–10). PPTs were obtained 2.5 cm away from the surgical scars on the mid-sternum, at the saphenous vein graft, and at control sites on the right and left forearms in the anterior aspect midway between the wrist and elbow. The pressure algometer has been used to obtain PPTs in previous studies.13 (link)
Pressure algometer
Manufactured by Wagner Instruments
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Pressure Algometer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the pressure pain threshold. It applies a controlled, increasing amount of pressure to a specific area of the body and records the pressure at which the subject reports pain. The device provides an objective measure of pain sensitivity.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using pressure algometer
1
Mechanical Pressure Pain Thresholds
2
Measuring Biceps Brachii Pressure Sensitivity
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A pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, CT) was used to assess the pressure sensitivity and pain tolerance of the soft-tissue 5 cm proximal to the elbow joint line of the biceps brachii muscle. Each subject received 0.91 kg of compression and recorded their perceived level of pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0–10, 0 indicating no pain and 10 representing the worst pain ever experienced. Perceived tenderness of the biceps brachii was also assessed using the same visual analog scale. A standard plastic measurement tape with 1 mm gradations was used to measure the girth of the non-dominant arm 5 cm proximal to the elbow joint line.
3
Pressure Pain Threshold of Levator Scapulae
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The PPT will be measured using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments). Standing behind the seated participant, the assessor will incrementally apply pressure on the trigger point of the levator scapulae muscle at the angulus superior of the scapula until the participant calls out “now” to indicate the onset of painful pressure. The assessor stops immediately and records the reading on the algometer at which point the participant started to feel pressure pain. To enhance the reliability of the test, 3 repetitions are carried out on the left and right sides. The PPT test has high interrater and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.75-0.95) as reported in a previous study [42 (link)].
4
Quantifying Pressure Pain Sensitivity in Upper Trapezius
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PPS was measured with the participant seated upright using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments, Inc., Greenwich, CT) with a 1-cm diameter rubber tip attached to a strain gauge that displayed values in kg/cm2. The tip was applied to the UT at a standardized location containing the midpoint between C7 and the acromion process, in the dominant painful side (intraclass correlation coefficient of interrater reliability: 0.91).[30 (link),31 (link)] PPS was defined as the lowest pressure at which the sensation of pressure turned to slight pain or discomfort.[18 (link),30 (link),31 (link)] The mean value of 3 trials was calculated and used for the main analyses. A 1 minute resting period was allowed between each recording. Both the participant and examiner were blind to force readings during the assessment. A standard metronome was also used to control the rate of increase in pressure. Men with PPS <2.9 kg/cm2 in the UT and women with PPS <2.0 kg/cm2 in the UT were presumed to have PPH.[32 ]
5
Temporal Summation and Pressure Pain Threshold
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Temporal summation: Temporal summation was tested using the 256 mN pinprick described above. All pinprick stimuli were applied within .5 cm of the planned injection. The pinprick was applied for 10 repetitions of 1 seconds each, and the participant made a 0 to 10 numeric pain rating (0 = "no pain" and 10 = "intolerable pain") to the first pinprick and for the overall 10 repetitions. This was repeated 3 times, and the average ratio of the ratings after the 10 pinprick repetitions to the first pinprick was taken as the measure of temporal summation. Since several participants ratings baseline values of zero, a + 1 bias was applied to all ratings. 4. PPT: PPT was tested using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments [Greenwich, CT], 1 cm diameter probe) applied over the planned injection site on the dorsal forearm until pain was reported. This was repeated 3 times and the average was taken as the PPT.
6
Quantifying Pain Sensitivity Using Pressure and Thermal Stimuli
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