As a surrogate marker of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, pre-dialytic ankle brachial index (ABI) was measured using Omron VP-1000 Vascular Profilter (Colin, Co. Ltd., Komaki, Japan).
Blood samples for biochemical analysis were obtained from the patient’s arteriovenous access or tunneled dialysis catheter before hemodialysis. Serum CRP level was determined using a particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (Roche diagnostics, USA). Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration was determined using the ADVIA Centaur® BNP immunoassay on the ADVIA Centaur analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA). Plasma intact-parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured using an immunochemiluminometric assay on the ADVIA Centaur analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA). Urea, albumin, hemoglobin, calcium, phosphate and total CO2 were measured by standard techniques. Each measurement was repeated three times at weekly intervals; the mean value derived was then used for statistical analysis.