Astm type 2 deionized water

CNCs (concentration of 2.6 wt.%) from (Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, AITF, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) and CNFs (concentration of 3.6 wt.%) from University of Maine (UM, Orono, Maine, USA) were used for the study. Class H well cement was provided by Halliburton Energy Services (Houston, TX, USA), ASTM Type II deionized water was provided by VWR International LLC (Radnor, PA, USA).
CNFs were dispersed in water to form 1 wt.% suspension using a magnetic stirrer (IKA RET Basic, IKA-Works, Inc., Wilmington, NC, USA) for 15 min. The suspension was passed 10 and 30 times through a Supermass Collider machine (MKCA6-3, Masuko Sangyo Co., ltd, Tokyo, Japan) at 1500 rpm. The processed suspension was passed through a microfluidics homogenizer (Microfluidizer Processor M-110P, Microfluidics Corp., Newton, MA, USA) five times with operating pressure of 200 MPa.

Bleached wood pulp (W-50 grade) was provided by Nippon Paper Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Sulfuric acid (98%, EMD Millipore Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA) was diluted to a concentration of 48 wt % before use. Type H well cement (Halliburton Energy Services, Houston, TX, USA). ASTM Type II deionized water with a resistivity of 10 MΩ cm was purchased from VWR International LLC (Radnor, PA, USA). Regenerated cellulose dialysis tubing was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).