1 1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl radical

UHPLC-MS solvents, LC-MS formic acid reagent, acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Santiago, Chile). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore purification system (Milli-Q Merck Millipore, Santiago, Chile). UHPLC standards with a purity higher than 95% for HPLC) were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quercetin, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, sodium trioxocarbonate (VI), sodium phosphate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), trichloroethanoic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), ferrous sulphate, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, Dowex^® 50WX8 hydrogen form, acetylcholine iodide (AChI), butyrylcholine iodide (BCEI) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other reagents such as Folin-Ciocalteau, potassium bromide, hydrochloric acid, used for this study were of analytical grade and products procured from Qualikems Laboratories (India) and BDH Chemicals Ltd. (Poole, England). The water used for all analysis was glass distilled.

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH); 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox); 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FeCl₃, acetonitrile, formic acid, sweroside (S), and secologanin (SLo) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetic acid was obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). acetonitrile for LC–MS was purchased from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy 3-glc) and p-coumaric acid (p-CuA), caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (Lglc), luteolin 7-O-rutinoside, diosmin, hesperidin, naringin, rutin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, loganic acid (LA), and loganin (Lo) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France). 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA, chlorogenic acid), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA, neochlorogenic acid), and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA, cryptochlorogenic acid) were purchased from TRANS MIT GmbH (Giessen, Germany). All reagents were of analytical grade.

Anhydrous sodium sulphate, C₈–C₂₀ alkane standard mixture, hexane, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and β-carotene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). All substances were used as received.

Chemicals and materials used in this study were of analytical grade namely; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, D9132), Gallic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, G7384), Quercetin (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), Folin Ciocalteau phenol reagent (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, F9252), Aluminum chloride (BDH, England,101084), potassium acetate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, 791733-500G), sulfuric acid (38308-1EA), Ethanol (BDH, England, BDH1156-4LP), phenolphthalein (Sigma Aldrich, 74760-100ML), sodium hydroxide (Sigma Aldrich, 38227 1EA), hexane (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, C100307-2.5L) Boric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Germany,38750-1EA), Hydrochloric (Sigma Aldrich, Germany, 382801EA), Whatman No.1 filter paper (28413923) supplied by Finlab Nigeria Limited and Equilab Business solution Limited Nigeria.

One-year-old bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) leaves were collected from a mountain in Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province of China. All the raw materials were smashed into about 200 μm (all the particle sizes were measured on a Topsizer Plus laser particle size analyzer, Zhuhai OMEC Instruments Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China) after oven drying. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-3 ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), standard monosaccharides including _D-glucose, _D-galactose, _L-arabinose, _L-rhamnose and _D-mannose, potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich in China mainland. H₂O₂, FeSO₄, and phosphotungstic acid were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China. DEAE-Sepharose^® fast flow column (2.0 cm × 40 cm, Cl^– form) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China. Commercial assay kits for the determination of SOD, catalase (CAT), GSH-Px, and methylenedioxyamphetamine, (MDA) including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and BCA Protein Assay Kit, Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA) lysis buffer, and Minimum Eagle’s medium (MEM) were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China. Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit (DCFH-DA) was from MedChemExpress (Shanghai).

Methanol, potassium ferricyanide, phosphate buffer, and ferric chloride (FeCl₃), were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), and ascorbic acid from BDH Chemicals Ltd. (Poole, UK). Diazepam was obtained from Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd (Dhaka, Bangladesh). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade unless unless specified with an additional reference.

Gallic acid, Folin–ciocalteu reagent, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulphate, quercetin, trans-resveratrol, ascorbic acid, phenylephrine (Phe), and acetylcholine chloride, were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl acetate and HPLC-grade acetonitrile was from Tedia (Tedia, Brazil). Water was purified through a Milliq1 water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and the other solvents were all reagent-grade.