Before 48 h fasting, cows were fed a constant amount of grass hay (about 1.0% of BW/d, DM basis) twice daily (0930 and 1630). Animals had free access to water and a trace mineralized salt block throughout the experimental period.
Blood samples were collected from the tail veins at d 0 (before fasting, 0900 h) and d 2 (after 48 h fasting). After sampling, blood samples (heparin tube) were immediately cooled on crushed ice. After centrifugation (1,000×g for 20 min at 4°C), separated plasma was immediately frozen and stored at −30°C until analyses. Plasma concentrations of NEFA, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and glucose were determined using a clinical biochemistry autoanalyzer (BioMajesty JCA-BM 6050; JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Liver biopsies were performed at d 0 (before fasting) and d 2 (after 48 h fasting), following a procedure described previously [15 (link)]. Liver samples were rinsed with ice-cold saline solution and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples were stored at −80°C until gene and protein expression analyses.