Benzoic acid

Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂∙2H₂O), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (K₂HPO₄∙3H₂O), magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO₄∙7H₂O), urea, zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) and yttrium standard solution Y(NO₃)₃ in HNO₃, 1000 mg/L Y) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium chloride (NaCl), methanol (LC-grade) and acetic acid (99%) were obtained from VWR Chemicals (Leuven, Belgium). Benzoic acid and benzotriazole were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany).
benzotriazole, Benzoic acid, urea, CaCl₂∙2H₂O, K₂HPO₄∙3H₂O, MgSO₄∙7H₂O, ZnCl₂ and NaCl were used for the production of synthetic PI-WW. acetic acid, methanol and Y(NO₃)₃ in HNO₃ were used for sample preparation and analysis.

D-(-)-fructose (99%), choline chloride (99%), maleic acid (99%), m-hydroxyBenzoic acid (99%), and L-(+)-tartaric acid (>99%) were purchased at Acros Organics. D,L-malic acid (>99%), o-hydroxyBenzoic acid (>99.0%), p-hydroxyBenzoic acid (>99%), 3,4-dihydroxyBenzoic acid (>97.0%), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (>99%), D-(+)-xylose (>99%), and 5-HMF (>99%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Succinic acid (99%) and D,L lactic acid (>88%) were obtained from Fischer Chemical. Boric acid (99.5–100.5%) and 2-F (>98%) were purchased at Merck. Formic acid (99%) was acquired from Biosolve LTD. Acetic acid (99-100%), citric acid (99.8%), and anhydrous D-(+)-Glucose (GPR Rectapur) were obtained from VWR Chemicals. D-(+)-mannose (>99%) and D-(-)-arabinose were purchased at Fluka. Anhydrous oxalic acid (98%) and choline iodide (98%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Benzoic acid (>99.5%) was purchased at Roth. Choline bromide (>98.0%) and glycolic acid (>98.0%) were obtained from TCI Chemicals. All chemicals were used as received. Each LTTMs was stored in a sealed vessel directly after preparation.