Isopropanol

Hyaluronic acid (HA) was obtained from Contipro a.s (Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic) Particularly, HA of weight-average molecular weight and polydispersity (in brackets) (Mw = 15,000 [PDI = 1.5], 110,000 g/mol [PDI = 1.7], and 240,000 g/mol, [PDI = 1.8], respectively). Tetrahydrofurane (THF, 99.5%), isopropanol (IPA, 99.7%) were purchased from Lach-Ner (Neratovice, Czech Republic). Benzoyl chloride (BC, 99%), triethylamine (TEA, 98%), 10-undecylenic acid (98%), N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure 2959), ammonium persulphate (APS), N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, ~99%) and 2,2-dimethoxyphenylacetophenone (DMPA, Irgacure 651), riboflavin (98%), undecanoic acid, formic acid, sodium hydroxide, coenzyme Q10, α-Tocopherol, and curcumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Prague, Czech Republic). Deuterium oxide (D₂O) was purchased from CortecNet (Voisins le Bretonneux, France). 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP, 99.5%) was obtained from Merck (Prague, Czech Republic). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ethidium homodimer were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Sodium borohydride, anhydrous cadmium chloride, mercaptopropionic acid, together with isopropanol, were purchased from Lachner (Neratovice, Czech Republic). Sodium tellurite, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, sodium hydroxide, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, ethanol absolute, and sodium silicate (27% SiO₂ in 14% NaOH) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Dialysis tubes Membra-CelTM (14 kDa molecular weight cutoff, #1784.1) were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All chemicals used were of analytical grade or of the highest available purity. Deionized water underwent a demineralization by reverse osmosis. It was further purified using a Millipore RG (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and used throughout all experiments.

Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), HEMA, and SMCA were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany) and used as received. Potato starch was obtained from Agrana (Austria). Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (TPO) photoinitiator was obtained from RAHN (Switzerland). CRODA (France) kindly provided the Tween 20 surfactant. Acetone, ethanol, isopropanol and monochloroacetatic acid were purchased from Lach-ner (Czech Republic) and used as received.