Geraniol

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Germany, Poland, Belgium

Geraniol is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol found in the essential oils of various plants, including geraniums, lemongrass, and palmarosa. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a floral, rose-like aroma. Geraniol is commonly used as a fragrance ingredient in the cosmetic and personal care industries.

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5 protocols using geraniol

Geraniol Inhibits Mast Cell Activation

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Geraniol was obtained from the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Its purity was at least 95% as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Geraniol was then dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) to produce 160 mmol/L concentrated stock solutions. Subsequently, solutions of 40, 80, and 160 μmol/L concentrations were formed by dissolving Geraniol stock solution in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 100 mg/mL streptomycin and 100 unit/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), calcium ionophore (A23187), DMSO, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in RPMI 1640 medium in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 95% humidity in 5% CO₂ at 37°C. HMC-1 cells were exposed to Geraniol for 1 hour before treatment with PMACI (20 nM of PMA plus 1 μM of A23187) and incubated at 37°C.14 (link)

Huang Y., Yang X.L., Ni Y.H, & Xu Z.M. (2018). Geraniol suppresses proinflammatory mediators in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate with A23187-induced HMC-1 cells. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 12, 2897-2903.

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Curcumin-Based Nanoformulation Development

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Curcumin (Cur) 97%, oleic acid 90%, stearic acid 97%, polysorbate 20 (tween 20), sodium taurocholate 96%, sodium glycocholate 97.5%, hydrogen peroxide 29%, and deionized water were procured from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany), whereas linalool and geraniol were procured from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany). Skweez (contains Imidacloprid 34%) insecticide was purchased locally from Semadak (Damanhur, El Beheira governorate Egypt). All chemical reagents were utilized without being purified, with the exception of Skweez insecticide, which was lyophilized to produce a powder.

Radwan I.T., Ghazawy N.A., Alkhaibari A.M., Gattan H.S., Alruhaili M.H., Selim A., Salem M.E., AbdelFattah E.A, & Hamama H.M. (2024). Nanostructure Lipid Carrier of Curcumin Co-Delivered with Linalool and Geraniol Monoterpenes as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor of Culex pipiens. Molecules, 29(1), 271.

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Detailed Reagents and Media Protocols

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In our studies we used geraniol (99%, Acros organics, Poznań, Poland), citral (95%, Sigma Aldrich, Poznań, Poland), beta-pinene (95%, Fluka, Poznań, Poland), nerol (97%, Acros organics, Poznań, Poland), ocimenes (90%, Sigma Aldrich), linalool (97%, Acros organics, Poznań, Poland), and farnesol (96% Acros organics, Poznań, Poland).
The nourishing base CALAYA (Cosibella, Leeds, UK), used for preparing natural cosmetics, contained aqua, Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) seed oil, Polysorbate 20, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, phenoxyethanol, carbomer, potassium sorbate, and sodium hydroxide.
Microbiological media used in experiments (Graso Biotech, Jabłowo, Poland) were as follows: Mueller–Hinton agar II, Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, plate count agar, chocolate Agar, mannitol salt agar, BHI broth, and D/E neutralizing broth. Other reagents used in experiments included 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Polpharma, Starogard Gdański, Poland) and 70% ethanol (Chempur, Poznań, Poland).

Fajdek-Bieda A., Pawlińska J., Wróblewska A, & Łuś A. (2024). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Geraniol and Selected Geraniol Transformation Products against Gram-Positive Bacteria. Molecules, 29(5), 950.

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Volatile Compound Analysis of Essential Oils

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Phenylethanol, limonene and α-terpinene (pract.) were purchased from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). Camphene (95%), β-damascone (>95%), citronellyl acetate (>95%), β-damascenone natural, (+)-β-pinene (analytical standard), (−)-β-pinene (99%), (+)-α-pinene (≥99%), (−)-α-pinene (analytical standard), farnesol (95%), geranyl acetate (>99%), linalool (97%), p-cymene (99%), rose oxide (cis/trans mixture) and cis-3-hexen-1-ol (internal standard (IS), 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Eugenol and β-caryophyllene were obtained from Systema Natura GmbH (Flintbek, Germany). Citral (cis/trans mixture, >98%) and neryl acetate (>95%) were purchased from TCI Chemical (Eschborn, Germany). Citronellol (95%), geraniol (99%) and nerol (97%) were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), and methyleugenol and n-heptane (99.9%) were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany) and VWR chemicals (Schlieren, Switzerland), respectively. Authentic rose oil samples and other EOs were purchased in Swiss pharmacies and online. All samples were stored at room temperature and in brown glass vials. Helium 6.0, nitrogen 6.0 and hydrogen 5.0 gas were purchased from PanGas (Dagmersellen, Switzerland).

Raeber J., Favrod S, & Steuer C. (2023). Determination of Major, Minor and Chiral Components as Quality and Authenticity Markers of Rosa damascena Oil by GC-FID. Plants, 12(3), 506.

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Fatty Acid and Alcohol Synthesis

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Decanoic acid, doDecanoic acid, tetraDecanoic acid, decan-1-ol, undecan-1-ol and geraniol were purchased from Acros Organics. UnDecanoic acid, triDecanoic acid, tridecan-1-ol, geranic acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl 2 •2H 2 O), Sephadex G-50 and 8hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (pyranine) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. PentaDecanoic acid, dodecan-1-ol, tetradecan-1-ol, pentadecan-1-ol and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 •6H 2 O) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. All reagents used were analytical grade (≥ 97%).

Jordan S.F., Rammu H., Zheludev I.N., Hartley A.M., Maréchal A, & Lane N. (2019). Promotion of protocell self-assembly from mixed amphiphiles at the origin of life. Nature ecology & evolution, 3(12).

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