Phospho nf κb p65 p nf κb p65

TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, United States). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for TNF-α (Batch no. CK-E30635R), IL-1β (Batch no. CK-E30419R), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, Batch no. CK-E30495R) were purchased from Yuanye Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and myeloperoxidase (MPO, Batch no. A044) was obtained from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). For immunohistochemistry assays, primary antibodies against ICAM-1 (Batch no. ab206398), Iba-1 (Batch no. ab178847), and GFAP (Batch no. ab49874) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States), and COX-2 (Batch no. #12282) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). For western blot assays, antibodies of NF-κB p65 (Batch no. #8242), phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65, Batch no. #3033), inhibitor of NF-κBα (IκBα, Batch no. #4814), p-IκBα (Batch no. #2859), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK, Batch no. #9252), and p-JNK (Batch no. #4671), and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2, Batch no. #4695), p-ERK1/2 (Batch no. #4370), P38 (Batch no. #8690), and p-P38 (Batch no. #4511), were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States), and β-Actin (Batch no. MAB8929) antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech Co., Ltd. (California, United States).