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7 protocols using barnstead micropure system

1

Extraction and Isolation of Natural Compounds

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Solvents for different steps in analyses were partially denatured ethanol (AustrAlco, Spillern, Austria) for extraction, hexane, ethyl acetate (both Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) and methanol (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) for open column chromatography and TLC, chloroform-d1 (VWR) and pyridine-d5 (Armar, Döttingen, Aargau, Switzerland) for NMR.
HPLC mobile phases consisted of ultrapure water prepared from deionized water with a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), HPLC-grade acetonitrile (VWR) and formic acid for LC-MS (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA).
Reference substances were abietic acid contributed by the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria, apigenin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), chrysin, pinocembrin-7-methyl ether (pinostrobin), linoleic acid (all Carl Roth) and oleic acid (Fluka, Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland).
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2

NADES Preparation and Characterization

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For NADES preparation, chemicals choline chloride, 1,2-propanediol, DL-malic acid, malonic acid, D-sorbitol, urea (all Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), citric acid monohydrate, glycerol, D(−)-fructose (all Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), D(+)-glucose (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and methylurea (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) were used. Methylurea had a specified purity of 97%, and all other reagents were at least 98% or higher. In HPLC mobile phases, ultrapure water prepared from deionized water with a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), HPLC-grade acetonitrile (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) and formic acid (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA) were used. The solvent for NMR analyses was chloroform-d1 (VWR). Other solvents used in this study were partly denatured ethanol (96% v/v, AustrAlco, Spillern, Austria) methanol (≥99.9%, Carl Roth) and dichloromethane (≥99.5%, Carl Roth). Reference substance spilanthol was isolated in the course of this work with a purity of 97% as determined by NMR.
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3

Extraction and Isolation of Natural Compounds

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Solvents for different steps in analyses were partially denatured ethanol (AustrAlco, Spillern, Austria) for extraction, hexane, ethyl acetate (both Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) and methanol (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) for open column chromatography and TLC, chloroform-d1 (VWR) and pyridine-d5 (Armar, Döttingen, Aargau, Switzerland) for NMR.
HPLC mobile phases consisted of ultrapure water prepared from deionized water with a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), HPLC-grade acetonitrile (VWR) and formic acid for LC-MS (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA).
Reference substances were abietic acid contributed by the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria, apigenin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), chrysin, pinocembrin-7-methyl ether (pinostrobin), linoleic acid (all Carl Roth) and oleic acid (Fluka, Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland).
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4

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Materials were purchased and prepared as previously described,34 (link) except for the following materials: Auric chloride (HAuCl4), trisodium citrate, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, and 4-mercaptobutryic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Water was purified using a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher).
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5

Ultrapure Buffers for Precise Ionic Experiments

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All buffers used were based on 100 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.2). “Pure buffers” were prepared with KCl (99.999%; Sigma-Aldrich or ACROS (Geel, Belgium)), HEPES (99.5%; Sigma-Aldrich), and stored in Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene bottles (Nalgene). Water was purified to 18.2 MΩ by passage through a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). Micromolar levels of Al3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were prepared from 100 mM stock solutions stored at pH 2–3. These stocks were made with aluminum chloride (99.999%), calcium chloride (99%), and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (99%), all from Sigma-Aldrich. Disodium EDTA (99%; Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared and stored as a 500 mM stock solution at pH 7.2. Ion concentrations and purities of all stocks and freshly prepared buffers were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) [112 (link)] at the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory using Spectro Arcos ICP-OES.
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6

Synthesis and Evaluation of Hexahydrocurcumin

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Chitosan (CS, 75 kDa, 84.3 ± 0.2% deacetylated) was provided by Marine Bio-Resources Co., Ltd. (Samut Sakhon, Thailand). Sodium triphosphate (TPP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Pluronic® F-127mucin powder from porcine stomach Type III, α-amylase, porcine lipase Type II and bile extract powder, pepsin from hog stomach, pancreatin from hog pancreas, and albumin from human serum (HSA) and bovine serum (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Life Science Production (LPS, Bedford, UK). Serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Invitrogen Cop. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Hexahydrocurcumin (HHC) was synthesized from curcumin (Cur) following the method described by Srimuangwong et al. [15 (link)]. Wright-Giemsa dye was purchased from M&P IMPEX Ltd. (Ladkrabang, BKK, Thailand). Analytical grades of acetic acid, acetone, absolute ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Carlo Erba reagents (Val de Reuil, France). Ultrapure water was obtained from the Thermo Scientific Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Other reagents were used without further purification.
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7

Ultrapure Buffers for Precise Ionic Experiments

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All buffers used were based on 100 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.2). “Pure buffers” were prepared with KCl (99.999%; Sigma-Aldrich or ACROS (Geel, Belgium)), HEPES (99.5%; Sigma-Aldrich), and stored in Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene bottles (Nalgene). Water was purified to 18.2 MΩ by passage through a Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). Micromolar levels of Al3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were prepared from 100 mM stock solutions stored at pH 2–3. These stocks were made with aluminum chloride (99.999%), calcium chloride (99%), and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (99%), all from Sigma-Aldrich. Disodium EDTA (99%; Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared and stored as a 500 mM stock solution at pH 7.2. Ion concentrations and purities of all stocks and freshly prepared buffers were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) [112 (link)] at the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory using Spectro Arcos ICP-OES.
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