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4 protocols using salubrinal

1

Prostate Cancer Cell Line Cultivation

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LNCaP, and DU145 human prostate cancer cells as well as RWPE-1 immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). LNCaP C4-2B (C42B) cells were purchased from the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX). LNCaP, C42B, DU145, and RWPE-1 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% HEPES, 1% sodium-pyruvate and 10ml/L of 100x antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St-Louis, MO). Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2) at 37oC. Ring-substituted 4,4′- and 7,7′-dihaloDIMs were synthesized in our laboratories at >95% purity and were dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain 100 mM stock solutions. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; Steraloids Inc., Newport, RI) was dissolved in DMSO to make a 100 mM stock solution. Cyclosporin A (CsA; Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA), salubrinal (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY), KN92, KN93 (Millipore, Billerica, MA) and bafilomycin A1 (Sigma Aldrich) were dissolved in DMSO as 1000-fold concentrated stock solutions. The final concentration of DMSO in culture medium was 0.1% for single exposures and not greater than 0.3% for combined exposures.
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2

Salubrinal and TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis

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Salubrinal was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) and dissolved in DMSO to 10 μM and stored at −20 °C. Recombinant Human TRAIL/Apo2L was purchased from PeproTech Inc. (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) and prepared by reconstituting in deionized water and by diluting in Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium (DMEM) to 50 μg/ml and stored at −20 °C. The caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk was purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Nantong, Jiangsu, China). Anti-GRP78, anti-DR5, anti-phosphorylated eIF2α, anti-CHOP, anti-caspase-7 and anti-PARP antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-GADD34 antibody was purchased from GeneTex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA). Anti-Bim antibody was purchased from Epitomics Inc. (Burlingame, CA,USA). Anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
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3

Comprehensive Protein Regulation Analysis

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Cycloheximide was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Actinomycin-D was from Sigma. MG132 was from Selleck Chemical. Puromycin was from MP Biomedicals. Kainic acid and Thapsigargin were from Alomone Lab. Pifithrin-α was from Adipogen Corporation. Salubrinal was from Enzo Life Sciences. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was from Fisher Scientific. DMSO was used as a vehicle in this study. The antibodies used in this study were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (anti-Mdm2, anti-Lamin A/C, anti-HSP-90), GenScript Corporation (anti-Gapdh), Millipore (anti-Puromycin), and Cell Signaling (anti-ubiquitin, anti-p-Mdm2, anti-p53, anti-BiP, anti-PDI, anti-PERK, anti-ATF6, anti-XBP1s, anti-eIF2α and anti-p-eIF2α). HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and Cell Signaling. The lentiviral control non-target shRNA and p53 shRNA were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
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4

Pharmacological Modulation of ER Stress Pathways

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Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA; Sigma T0266), was dissolved in PBS and administered at 250 mg/kg body weight. TUDCA was administered to mice via intraperitoneal injection twice a day for 3 days. On the 4th day, mice were treated in the morning and euthanized 4 hours after the last treatment. Control mice were treated with PBS. Salubrinal (Enzo ALX-270-428) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 50 mg/ml and diluted 1:400 in PBS. Mice were treated with 1 mg Salubrinal/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 days before being euthanized. Thapsigargin (Sigma T9033), was dissolved in ethanol at 10 mg/ml and then diluted 1:40 in PBS. Thapsigargin (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered to mice via intraperitoneal injection once a day for 2 days and mice were euthanized 4 hours after the last treatment. Control mice were treated with ethanol diluted 1:40 in PBS. AA147 (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered to mice via intraperitoneal injection twice a day for 3 days and mice were euthanized 4 hours after the last treatment. IL-22-Fc (Genentech, 100ug per dose) was administered once a day for 4 days.
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