Mice received a subcutaneous injection of 250 µg of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55) (BioBasic, Canada) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma‐Aldrich) containing 4 mg/ml Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Difco Laboratories) at the base of the tail. Then 250 ng pertussis toxins (Sigma‐Aldrich) were administered i.p. on the day of immunization and repeated 2 days afterward. Berberine purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Sigma‐Aldrich, and SKU Number: 14050) and the doses of Berberine chose from previous study.23 , 24 Twenty‐four mice were randomly separated into three groups: Control (n = 8), Low dose treatment group (T1, 10 mg/kg Berberine, n = 8), and high‐dose treatment group (T2, 30 mg/kg Berberine, n = 8). Berberine treatment by oral gavage was initiated from the first day of disease induction until the last day. Clinical indications of EAE were observed and the weight of mice was evaluated was assessed daily up to 25 days after immunization. Mice were scored for clinical assessment with the following scale: 0, no symptoms; 1 = incomplete failure of tail tonicity; 2 = complete failure of tail tonicity; 3 = flaccid tail and unusual gait; 4 = hind limb paralysis; 5 = hind limb paralysis with hind body paresis; 6 = hind and foreleg paralysis; 7 = moribund or death.25 , 26
Berberine
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, China
Berberine is a natural compound extracted from various plant species. It is a highly purified, powdered substance used in laboratory research and analysis. Berberine has chemical and biological properties that make it a useful tool for scientific investigation, but its specific applications and intended uses are not provided here.
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152 protocols using berberine
1
Berberine Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
2
Berberine and Caspase-1 Modulate Osteosarcoma
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Human Saos-2 and MG-63 cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). Berberine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cells were cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (DMEM; HyClone Laboratories, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in an atmosphere of 95% humidified air and 5% CO2 at 37°C. Cells were investigated within 8 h of harvest. To detect the effects of Berberine on osteosarcoma, cells were treated without or with Berberine (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively. To detect the effects of caspase-1 on osteosarcoma, cells were treated without or with selective caspase-1 inhibitor N-Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CMK (Ac-YVAD-CMK) (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), respectively.
3
Berberine Protects L02 Cells from H/R
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The L02 cells were divided into the following groups: a normal control group without H/R treatment, an H/R treatment group, and various concentrations of berberine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) pretreatment groups (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 μM berberine pretreatment for 24 h) to determine the optimal drug dose. The H/R treatment consisted of a 6-h period of hypoxia followed by 6 h of reoxygenation.
4
Poloxamer-407-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rats
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The animal testing procedures were conducted in accordance with the regulations prescribed by the National Institutes of Health, and all guidelines of the Korean Medical Research Institute were followed during the experiment. Kyung Hee University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Seoul, Korea) approved this experiment (KHUASP [SE]-18-047). We divided Sprague-Dawley male rats at 8 weeks of age (200 g) into 4 groups: a control group, a poloxamer-407 injection group, a poloxamer-407 injection and 50-mg/kg berberine treatment group, and a poloxamer-407 injection and 100-mg/kg berberine treatment group. Once a day for 5 consecutive days, the rats in all groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) 30 minutes before berberine treatment. The rats in the berberine-treated groups received berberine orally (Sigma Chemical Co.) once a day for 4 weeks with the respective dose for each treatment group. The same amount of distilled water was administered to the rats in the control group.
5
Berberine Effects on OSCC Stem Cells
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Berberine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) Berberine was further diluted in culture medium to the appropriate final concentrations prior to use. The CSCs derived from OSCC cell lines SAS and OECM-1 as well as primary normal human gingival epithelioid cell line (SG) were cultivated as previously described [34 (link)].
6
Berberine Effects on Ischemic Gerbils
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Adult male Mongolian gerbils (13 weeks old) were used in this experiment. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the animal care guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. Gerbils were housed under controlled temperature (20℃±2℃) and lighting (7 AM to 7 PM) conditions with food and water available ad libitum. The gerbils were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 in each group): sham-operation group, ischemia-induction group, ischemia-induction and 20 mg/kg berberine-treated group, ischemia-induction and 50 mg/kg berberine group, and ischemia-induction and 80 mg/kg berberine group. Gerbils in berberine-treated groups received berberine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) orally once a day for 14 consecutive days, starting one day after surgery. Gerbils in sham-operation and ischemia-induction groups received an equal amount of distilled water for the same duration.
7
Berberine Effects on GERAHR in Guinea Pigs
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GERAHR guinea pigs were randomly assigned to one of six groups based on the treatment received [21 (link)]: PBS group (PBS-treated GERAHR guinea pig), LB group (low-dose berberine-treated GERAHR guinea pig, 75 mg/kg), MB group (medium-dose berberine-treated GERAHR guinea pig, 150 mg/kg), HB group (high-dose berberine-treated GERAHR guinea pig, 300 mg/kg), MB + agonists allyl isothiocyanate group (AITC, w203408, Sigma-Aldrich; medium-dose berberine + AITC-treated GERAHR guinea pig), and HC-030031 group (Selleck, S2918, 2 mg/kg; HC-030031-treated GERAHR guinea pig). Guinea pigs that received water during GERAHR establishment were used as control animals (normal). berberine (Solarbio Technology, Beijing, China) dissolved in PBS was administered to each GERAHR guinea pig via oral gavage using an animal feeding bulbous-ended needle (20 ga). Guinea pigs from each group received the treatments as indicated for three consecutive days, and the animals were then subjected to further studies.
8
Quantifying Total Alkaloid Content
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The total alkaloid content in the samples was quantified according to the procedure developed by Oliveira et al. [44 (link)] and the absorbance at 435 nm was measured. Berberine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was employed as the standard and linearity was obtained between 40 and 200 µg/mL. The results are expressed in Berberine milligrams per gram of dry weight of extract.
9
Modeling Alzheimer's Disease in PC12 Cells
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Rattus norvegicus pheochromocytoma PC12 cells (American Tissue Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. To construct cellular AD model in vitro, PC12 cells were treated with 10 μM of aggregated Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Aβ25-35 was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), dissolved in distilled water and pre-aggregated through incubating at 37 °C for 7 days prior to use. To assay the role of berberine, PC12 cells were exposed to different concentrations of berberine (Sigma) for 24 h before the treatment of Aβ25-35.
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Rattus norvegicus pheochromocytoma PC12 cells (American Tissue Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. To construct cellular AD model in vitro, PC12 cells were treated with 10 μM of aggregated Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Aβ25-35 was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), dissolved in distilled water and pre-aggregated through incubating at 37 °C for 7 days prior to use. To assay the role of berberine, PC12 cells were exposed to different concentrations of berberine (Sigma) for 24 h before the treatment of Aβ25-35.
10
Preparation of Berberine Solution
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Berberine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Berberine powder was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), then sterilized using a 0.22 μm pore filter (Millipore, Billerica, MA) and stored at 4 °C until use.
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