were homogenized in RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) buffer (50
mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, and
150 mM NaCl) containing 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) for consecutive
extractions. The protein (30 mg) was separated on a 4–20% gradient
Tris-HCl gel and then transferred to PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
or nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). The transferred membrane was
then blocked using nonfat milk powder. For blocking nonspecific antibody
binding, the membrane was incubated in TBST buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl,
150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.4) containing 5% nonfat milk.
After blocking, primary antibodies against JNK, p-JNK, cleaved caspase
3, and actin were used to probe the membrane (1:1000; Santa Cruz,
USA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:2000)
were utilized for immunodetection. Finally, using a Femto reagent
(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, USA) on a ChemiDoc system, proteins
were visualized (Bio-Rad, CA, USA).22 (link)