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540 protocols using axio observer a1

1

Fluorescent Microscopic Analysis of Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress

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Cell were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde supplemented with 0.25% Tris-X100 at room temperature for 10 min. After blocking with PBS supplemented with 5% BSA for 2 h at room temperature, cells were incubated with Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos (C1035, Beyotime), NLRP3 (sc-66846, 1:500, Santa Cruz, USA), at 4° C overnight. Cells were incubated with secondary peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibody for 2 h at room temperature, after washing with PBST for 15 min. Cells were stained with DAPI for 15 min at darkness, after washing with PBST for 15 min. Cell samples were observed using fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1, Germany).
Next, cells were washed with PBS and stained with Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos for 30 min. Cells washed with PBST for 15 min and stained with DCFH-DA for 30 min. Cell samples were observed using fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1, Germany) after washing with PBST for 15 min.
Cell were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. Cells were stained with PI for 15 min at darkness, after washing with PBST for 15 min. Cell samples were observed using fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1, Germany).
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2

Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a concentration of 2 × 104 cells per well and subsequently adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiations were performed. Stimulation of MSCs was performed using StemPro Adipogenesis, Chondrogenesis, and Osteogenesis Differentiation Kits (Life Technologies, Poland) (StemPro Adipogenesis Differentiation Kit, StemPro Chondrogenesis Differentiation Kit, and StemPro Osteogenesis Differentiation Kit) according to the manufacturers' instruction. Differentiations began 24 h after inoculation and cells were cultured for 14 days. Media were changed every three days. The stage of adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was assessed using specific staining: Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) for detecting neutral lipid deposits, Safranin O (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) for glycosaminoglycans staining, and Alizarin Red (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) for calcium deposits. Preparations were analyzed using Axio Observer A1 inverted microscope (Axio Observer A1, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), while the documentation was made using Cannon PowerShot camera.
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Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

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Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs were induced using commercial kits (StemPro, Life Technologies). Cultures under standard and osteo- and adipogenic conditions were maintained in 24-well dishes. Experiments were carried out simultaneously, each in triplicate according to the previous findings [33 (link)]. Osteogenesis was induced during 21-day period, while stimulation toward adipocytes lasted for 14 days. To evaluate results of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, two specific staining methods were used, that is, Alizarin Red for determination of calcium deposits and detection of neutral lipid deposits performed using HCS LipidTOX Green neutral lipid stain, and according to the manufacturers' instruction preparations were analyzed using Axio Observer A1 inverted and epifluorescent microscope (Axio Observer A1, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), while the documentation was made using Cannon PowerShot camera.
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4

Kidney Tissue Analysis Protocol

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Kidney tissue samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, paraffin-embedded, and then sectioned into 5 μM slices for Masson staining, PAS staining, or TUNEL staining. Kidney tissue samples were observed using fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1, Germany).
Kidney slices were used for collagen IV by immunohistochemistry. Kidney slices are incubated with primary antibodies against collagen IV (CST, USA) at 1 : 200 dilution overnight at 4°C with the appropriate secondary antibodies (1 : 200 Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Kidney tissue samples were observed using fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1, Germany).
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5

Stomatal Morphology Microscopic Analysis

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Three to five leaves were randomly sampled from tomato plants from each treatment in order to observe stomatal morphology. Prior to microscopic observation, the abaxial leaf epidermis was removed with tweezers and incubated in distilled water. Stomatal apertures were observed with an Axio Observer A1 inverted fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Approximately six random photos were taken for each leaf.
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6

Microfluidic Platelet Formation

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Microfluidic flow chamber chips were manufactured from polydimethylsiloxane as described before 27. One chip (length = 17·3 cm) consisted of 16 parallel channels composed of a structured network of pillars. The radius of one pillar is 15 μm, and the distance between neighbouring pillars, from centre to centre, is 85 μm. The pillars are oriented so that the angle between the pillar array and the flow direction of the channel is 10°. Prior to cell perfusion, the chip was coated overnight with 40 μg/ml purified VWF (Wilfactin, LFB Biotechnologies, France). The perfusion experiment was performed according to Blin et al. 27. In brief, the harvested cell suspension on D12 of culture was placed on an orbital shaker and was connected to the perfusion chamber inlet and outlet by tubing. A peristaltic pump (Watson‐Marlow, Falmouth, UK) created continuous perfusion of the cell suspension at a wall shear rate of 1800 s−1 for two hours during which platelets were formed. Adhering cells were visualized by phase contrast microscopy at 100× magnification (Axio observer A1, Carl Zeiss). After perfusion, the suspension was centrifuged at 110 g for 20 min to remove MK. Next, the supernatant was centrifuged at 1240 g for 15 min to pellet the platelets.
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Imaging cells with phase-contrast microscopy

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Phase-contrast microscopy was performed using a Zeiss Axio Observer A1 inverted microscope (Zeiss, Germany) equipped with Q-Capture software (QImaging, Surrey, Canada).
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8

Quantifying Cellular Senescence via SA-β-Gal

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SA-β-gal activity is a widely used biomarker of cellular senescence [26 (link)] and was thus applied to identify KGN cell and mouse GC senescence. KGN cells and mGCs were seeded on 12-well plates at a density of 5105 cells/ml, followed by being washed with PBS and fixed and stained with X-gal solution (C0602, Beyotime Biotechnology) overnight at 37°C. Cells were imaged and photographed using an inverted microscope (Axio Observer A1, Zeiss, Germany).
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9

Quantifying Vascular Nitric Oxide

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4-Amino-5-Methylamino-2′,7′-Difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) diacetate reagent was used to detect and quantify low concentrations of vascular nitric oxide (NO). Briefly, isolated aortae were embedded in OCT compound (Sakura Finetik, AJ Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands) and kept frozen. The frozen segments were cut into cryostat sections of 10 μm thick. The cut sections were then incubated with 5 μM DAF-FM diacetate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 15 min in normal physiological saline solution [NPSS (mM): NaCl 140, KCl 5, CaCl2 1, MgCl2 1, glucose 10 and HEPES 5] at 37 °C. The fluorescence dye was then washed and the sections were visualized using a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer A1) with excitation at 495 nm and emission at 515 nm. The fluorescence intensity was measured using the Zen Lite software version 2.3. The NO level was compared to that of the control.
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10

Imaging Mouse Brain Ependymal Cilia Motility

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For preparation of mouse brain ependymal cells, mouse were anesthetized and perfused using Isoflurane (Hana pharm, Gyeounggi) and PBS respectively. Brain is extracted from the mouse and placed in ice-cold PBS. The brain in PBS is cut into coronal sections with 100 μm using vibratome (Leica, Germany) and transferred into confocal plate (SPL Life Science; Pocheon, Korea, #100,351). For preparation of imaging organoids, basal oragnoids embedded in matrigel were laid on the confocal plate with transwell inserts. Motility of cilia was examined (100 frames/second) with a Axio Observer A1 (Carl Zeiss, Germany) and motion pattern of cilia was traced with NIS-Elements software (Nikon, Japan).
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