Research subjects were tested using dawn fasting venous blood line of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), triglycerides (TG), total serum cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipoprotein A (LPA) and homocysteine (Hcy). ALT, AST, HDL, and LDL, and other biochemical indicators were detected by Roche’s automatic biochemical analyzer and the corresponding kit (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). ApoA1 and ApoB were detected by immunoturbidimetry (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). LPA was detected by latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetry (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Hcy was detected by the enzyme circulation method (Maccure, Chengdu, China). In this study, the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was used to evaluate insulin resistance. HOMA-IR was determined as [fasting insulin (mU/L) × fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. At the same time, gender, age, and other indicators were registered.
Immunoturbidimetry
Manufactured by Roche
Sourced in Germany
Immunoturbidimetry is a laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of specific proteins or analytes in a sample. It is a method that combines immunochemical and turbidimetric principles. The technique involves the formation of insoluble immune complexes between the target analyte and specific antibodies, which results in a change in the turbidity of the sample. This change in turbidity is then measured using a spectrophotometer, and the concentration of the analyte can be determined by comparing the measured value to a calibration curve.
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5 protocols using immunoturbidimetry
1
Metabolic Biomarkers in Research Subjects
2
Comprehensive Metabolic and Inflammatory Profiling
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Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the treatment. In particular, nutritional status, lipid profile, glycemic profile and status of inflammation were assessed.
Serum iron, lipids, uric acid, creatinine, and calcium were measured by enzymatic–colorimetric assay (Abbott Laboratories). PCR, Transferrin, Apo A1 and Apo B were determined by immunoturbidimetry (Roche). ESR was measured by the Westergren method using a Diesse Analyzer, blood electrolytes by indirect ISE potentiometry (Abbott Laboratories), ionized calcium by selective electrode potentiometry, and insulin by electro-chemiluminescence immuno-assay (ECLIA) (Roche Diagnostics). Blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed by Enzymatic UV Assay (Abbott Laboratories) and CBC by differential blood cell counter. Insulin resistance was evaluated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) [25 (link)].
Serum iron, lipids, uric acid, creatinine, and calcium were measured by enzymatic–colorimetric assay (Abbott Laboratories). PCR, Transferrin, Apo A1 and Apo B were determined by immunoturbidimetry (Roche). ESR was measured by the Westergren method using a Diesse Analyzer, blood electrolytes by indirect ISE potentiometry (Abbott Laboratories), ionized calcium by selective electrode potentiometry, and insulin by electro-chemiluminescence immuno-assay (ECLIA) (Roche Diagnostics). Blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed by Enzymatic UV Assay (Abbott Laboratories) and CBC by differential blood cell counter. Insulin resistance was evaluated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) [25 (link)].
3
Serum Biomarkers in Sjögren's Syndrome
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Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Disease activity of SS expressed as ESSDAI was ascertained at the time of blood sampling [21 (link)]. Serum levels of 25(OH)-D3 and β2 microglobulin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Immunotech, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and DiaSorin, Minneapolis, MN, USA, resp.). Serum levels of BAFF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), anti-Ro/La antibodies were detected by ELISA (Zeus Scientific, Somerville, NJ, USA), and RF was detected by immunoturbidimetry (Roche, Mannheim, Germany).
4
Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling of Samples
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Blood samples were collected; in particular, nutritional status, lipid profile, glycemic profile and status of inflammation were assessed. Lipids and creatinine were measured via enzymatic-colorimetric assay (Abbott Laboratories). CRP, was determined via immunoturbidimetry (Roche). Insulin was measured via electro-chemiluminescence immuno-assay (ECLIA) (Roche Diagnostics). Blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed via Enzymatic UV Assay (Abbott Laboratories). VitD25OH was determined via ECLIA (Roche).
5
Comprehensive Biochemical Profile Assessment
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Complete blood count was determined in a Coulter ® GEN-S autoanalyser (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA.). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined using Test 1 analyser (Alifax, Padova, Italy). Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, albumin, aspartate amine transferase (AST), alanine amine transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were measured by standardized methods in a COBAS ® C501 autoanalyser (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by selective precipitation methods. Plasma apo A-I, apo B and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were quantitated by immunoturbidimetry (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Serum amyloid A (SAA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were determined by nephelometry (Siemens, Munich, Germany) and insulin levels by radioimmunoassay (DPC, Los Angeles, California, USA). Antibodies anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (Anti-CCP) were measured by a 2nd generation immunoassay (INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA).
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