The Quantum FX (μCT, Perkin Elmer) was utilized for imaging purposes. The scanning parameters were configured to 90 kV and 180 uA, with a scan duration of 2 min. The field of view (FOV) encompassed 20 mm, and the resolution achieved was 40 µm. Following the immobilization of the representative foot tissue that best reflected the clinical indicators of each group, a μCT scanner was employed for scanning. Radiographic images were acquired using the Quantum FX μCT imaging system (Perkin Elmer, MA, USA) and subsequently subjected to 3D rendering. Radiographic scoring was conducted, involving the independent evaluation of joint destruction by two researchers [15 (link)]. The scoring value was determined by averaging the evaluations of the researchers, and the average scoring value of the foot tissue was computed as the score for each group.
Quantum fx
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Quantum FX is a benchtop micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for high-resolution 3D imaging of small samples. It uses X-ray technology to capture detailed internal and external structures of specimens without causing damage. The Quantum FX provides accurate and non-destructive imaging capabilities for a variety of applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Analyze 12, by AnalyzeDirect (3 mentions)
Labchart, by Wavemetrics (2 mentions)
Igor pro 6, by Wavemetrics (2 mentions)
Labchart 8, by ADInstruments (2 mentions)
Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Serva Electrophoresis (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Exitron nano 6000, by Miltenyi Biotec (1 mentions)
Analyzepro software, by AnalyzeDirect (1 mentions)
Ivis spectrum, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Living image 4, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
D5005, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Acuson s2000, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Ultravist 370mgi ml, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Mimics software, by Materialise (1 mentions)
Quantum fx μct software, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Lugol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Axiocam mrc5, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Ctan micro ct software, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Vgstudiomax v 3, by Volume Graphics (1 mentions)
Analyze software, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
98 protocols using quantum fx
1
Quantitative Foot Tissue Imaging
2
In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of EVs
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The distribution of EVs was observed by an IVIS Spectrum (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Quantum FX (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was also used to co‐register optical signals with anatomical μCT. NMRI mice were I.P administered with 150 mg/kg D‐luciferin and after 5 min EVs in 100 μl PBS were injected I.V(tail vein). The 2D/3D bioluminescence imaging and μCT scans were performed at different time points post injection. The 2D bioluminescence images were acquired with open filter, and 3D bioluminescence images were acquired at wavelengths 600, 620, and 640 nm. The mouse in the Mouse Imaging Shuttle (MIS, 25 mm high, PerkinElmer) was then transferred to the Quantum FX‐μCT and subjected to a dynamic CT scan with an X‐ray source current of 200 μA, voltage of 70 kV, FOV (field of view) 60 mm x 60 mm, scan time 17 s. All images were analysed using Living Image 4.3.1 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
3
Tumor Volumetry via Micro-CT Imaging
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Excised tumors were briefly rinsed five times in water and then transferred to 35% and 70% ethanol (1 h each). For staining and fixation, tumors were placed overnight at room temperature (RT) under slow rotation in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution (PFA, Serva Electrophoresis) in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS, Invitrogen), containing 0.7% phosphotungstic acid solution (PTA, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) diluted in 70% ethanol. Samples were then briefly rinsed in water and stored in fresh 70% ethanol. For further μCT analysis, the PTA-stained tumors were dehydrated with ascending ethanol series and embedded in paraffin (Suesse Labortechnik). The paraffin blocks were scanned in an in vivo microCT system QuantumFX (Perkin Elmer) operated with the following settings: 90 kV tube voltage, 200 µA tube current, 10 × 10 mm2 field-of-view, 3 min total acquisition time resulting in 3D data sets with a resolution of ~20 µm. These data sets were visualized and analyzed in Scry7.0 (custom-made render software, Christian Dullin, 2021). A threshold of 12,000 GVal (in the arbitrary units of the CT data sets) was applied to separate tissue from paraffin, air, and the sample holder. A virtual scalpel was utilized to remove residual CAM. Tumor volume was measured by multiplying the number of segmented tumor voxels with the voxel volume.
4
Whole-Body Adipose Tissue Imaging
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To visualize whole-body adipose tissue accumulation and distribution, including subcutaneous, visceral, and brown fat, a whole-body micro-computed tomography (CT) scan was performed at 16 weeks of feeding. Detailed threedimensional images of mouse internal structure were obtained by high-resolution X-ray microCT scanning (Quantum FX; PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA) [14] . Mice were anesthetized with 2.5-3% isoflurane and positioned on the scan platform. X-ray source was set to a current of 100 μA and a voltage of 80 kVp. The scan was initiated from a nearby computer terminal and totally lasted for 4 min per mouse. CT images were taken with a field of view of 70 mm × 40 mm and a voxel size of 144 μm. Image segmentation was conducted using a volume-editing tool, and volumes were quantified using the region of interest module within the software package (AnalyzeDirect, Overland Park, KS, USA). The adipose content and distribution were calculated with a software (Analyze 12.0) as we reported previously [13] .
5
Cerebral Edema Evaluation via µCT
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Anesthetized mice were injected with arterial angiography agent (Iohexol, 15 ml/kg) through the tail vein. Next, the mouse brain was imaged with a µCT small animal imager (Quantum FX; PerkinElmer, United States) with the following imaging parameters: voltage for 90 kV, current for 180 µA, field of view for 20 mm, scan technique for std 4.5 min, 360 views. The severity of cerebral edema was evaluated using ImageJ analysis software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States) to calculate the offset distance of midline in the coronal image of the mouse brain at Bregma 0.3 mm (Park et al., 2014 (link)). The greater the offset distance of the midline, the more serious the cerebral edema.
6
High-Resolution In Vivo Micro-CT Imaging
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CT imaging was performed using a high speed in vivo μCT scanner (Quantum FX, PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA). The X-ray source was set to a current of 160 μA, voltage of 90 kVp. The CT imaging was visualized via 3D Viewer, existing software within the Quantum FX system. The field of view (FOV) was 10 mm x 10 mm, and voxel size was 20 μm. Initially, a larger FOV was employed and then subsequently narrowed to see the effect on the resulting resolution, to identify the best possible imaging parameters for the various anatomical locations of interest (i.e. head, hind limbs, etc.).
The animals received light anesthesia to immobilize them during scanning. Specifically, they were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5–3% to minimize motion artifacts from respiration and heart beats) and then positioned on the scan platform. Constant delivery of isoflurane was achieved via a nose cone connected to the scan platform. The operator initiated the scan from a nearby computer terminal, and the scanning process typically lasted less than 5 minutes (2–4 minutes per mouse). Following the scanning process, mice were revived under a heating lamp and returned to their home cages.
The animals received light anesthesia to immobilize them during scanning. Specifically, they were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5–3% to minimize motion artifacts from respiration and heart beats) and then positioned on the scan platform. Constant delivery of isoflurane was achieved via a nose cone connected to the scan platform. The operator initiated the scan from a nearby computer terminal, and the scanning process typically lasted less than 5 minutes (2–4 minutes per mouse). Following the scanning process, mice were revived under a heating lamp and returned to their home cages.
7
Monitoring Liver Metastases in Mice
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Liver metastases were monitored using micro-CT scans of A/J mice injected with AJ-5257-1 cells (1 × 106 cells/mouse). Micro-CT scans were obtained using a Quantum FX micro-CT scanner (Perkin Elmer) and ExiTron nano 6000 CT contrast agent (100 μL/mouse, Miltenyi Biotec, 130-095-146). Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane for the duration of the scan. Baseline CT scans were taken 3 weeks after cell injection and 1 day prior to the start of treatment. Subsequent imaging was performed once a week for 4 weeks, ending 7 weeks after cell inoculation.
8
Measuring Porosity of Ti Implants
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The nominal porosity was measured through dry weighing of three Ti implants (diameter ≈ 10 mm, height ≈ 4 mm). The total porosity of each specimen, φ, was defined by measuring the apparent density, ρ app , using the volume and weight of the specimens and the known density of solid Ti (i.e., ρ bulk = 4510 kg/m 3 ) as φ= 1-ρ app / ρ bulk . Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT; Quantum FX, PerkinElmer, Waltham, US) using a tube voltage of 90 kV, a tube current of 180 mA, and a field of view of 10 mm was also carried out to assess the porosity. Afterwards, the data were analysed using BoneJ plugin (version 1.4.3) in Fiji [ 39 , 40 ] .
9
Compartmentalization of Murine Limbs
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To test the applicability of the compartmentalisation method to lower resolution scans, such as the ones obtained from in vivo scanners, a group of undissected hind limbs from cadaveric mice (male C57Bl/6, 10-week old, n = 5) was scanned using an in vivo scanner (Quantum FX, PerkinElmer, USA). Scans were acquired at an isotropic voxel size of 10 μm (70 kV, 160 μA, 5.0×5.0 mm field of view, 3 minutes of acquisition time) and reconstructed using the manufacturer built-in software. Subsequently, tibiae were finely dissected and re-imaged in the ex vivo scanner using the methodology described above. We tuned the bespoke compartmentalisation method to accommodate for the pixel resolution of the in vivo scanner (increasing from a pixel size of 5 to 10 μm); extension of the mappings and criterion for subchondral bone compartmentalisation were kept unaltered.
10
In-vivo microCT Imaging Protocol
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In-vivo microCT imaging was performed using the QuantumFX device (PerkinElmer) operated with the settings in Table 1 .
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