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36 protocols using ab64264

1

Immunohistochemical Detection of SREBP, SCAP, LIMP II, and CD36

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The antibodies used in the present study were anti-SREBP (sc-8984, rabbit polyclonal, dilution 1:2000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-SCAP (bs-3862R, rabbit polyclonal, dilution 1:500, Bioss), anti-LIMP II (sc-25869, goat polyclonal, dilution 1:300, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti-CD36 (sc-5523, goat polyclonal, dilution 1:800, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
For immunohistochemical analysis, paraffin sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated through graded alcohols; antigen retrieval was performed in 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6.0, at 97°C for 5 min. The blockade of endogenous peroxidases was obtained by covering the slides with hydrogen peroxide Block (ab64264, abcam) for 15 min and the blockade of non-specific protein–protein interactions was achieved by incubating sections with Protein Block (ab64264, abcam) for 15 min. After pretreatment, the sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with the antibodies diluted in 1% Tris Buffer Solution. Subsequently, slides were incubated with biotinylated Goat anti-polyvalent secondary antibody (ab64264, abcam) for 10 min. The positive signals were visualized as brown precipitates utilizing 3-30-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Sigma) solution. Hematoxylin was used for counterstaining.
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2

Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry of Ovarian Tissue

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Ovaries were fixed in cold 4% paraformaldehyde overnight, incubated sequentially in 10% and 20% sucrose in PBS overnight, embedded in OCT (optimal cutting temperature medium), and stored at −80 °C until cryosectioning. After high-temperature antigen retrieval with 0.01% sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0), the frozen sections (10 μm) were blocked with 10% normal donkey serum for 30 min and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. The primary antibodies used are presented in SI Appendix, Table S2. For immunofluorescence, the sections were washed with wash buffer and incubated with the appropriate Alexa-Fluor–conjugated secondary antibodies (1:200; Invitrogen) at room temperature for 2 h. After staining with DAPI, samples were analyzed using confocal microscopy (Leica SP5). For immunohistochemistry, the slides were incubated with avidin-conjugated secondary antibodies (ab64264; Abcam) before being exposed to diaminobenzidine (DAB) (ab64264, Abcam) for 1 min and then counterstained with hematoxylin.
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of MRP1 and Ki67 in Tumor Samples

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Histological sections were immunohistochemically stained to visualise the MRP1 expression and to study the proliferative state of the tumours. Microtome sectioned tissue specimens of 5 µm were dehydrated at 50 °C overnight, followed by deparaffinisation and rehydration. Rehydrated slides were first incubated in sodium citrate buffer pH 6 at 95 °C for 30 min for antigen retrieval and cooled down to room temperature. For ki67 staining, slides were additionally incubated with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min to permeablise the nuclear envelope. Slides were then incubated in 1% H2O2 for 15 min to quench endogenous peroxidase activity, followed by serum blocking for 1 h. Goat anti-mouse IgG Fab (Abcam, ab6668) was added for 1 h to block endogenous IgG. After washing in PBST, slides were incubated with primary against ki67 (Abcam, ab8191) or primary against MRP1 (Santa Cruz, sc-18835) overnight in a moisture chamber at 4 °C. Slides were then incubated with biotinylated mouse-rabbit polyvalent secondary (Abcam, ab64264), followed by streptavidin peroxidase (Abcam, ab64264) incubation. After washing, slides were developed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate for 15 min then counterstained with Mayer’s haematoxylin QS (Vector, H-3404), and eventually mounted in coverslips with DPX.
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4

Fetal Heart PCNA Expression Analysis

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E18.5 male and female whole fetal torsos were immersion fixed in 10% neutral formalin buffer. Fetal hearts were dissected from the fixed torsos, embedded into paraffin and sectioned in the transverse plane at 3 µm using a microtome (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
Slides containing mid-cardiac sections were deparaffinised, subjected to target/antigen retrieval for 20 min at 90 °C in citrate buffer (pH 6), cooled to room temperature (20 min), rinsed with wash buffer and blocked for 10 min [(ab64264), Abcam]. Sections were then incubated with 1:10,000 mAb to PCNA [(ab29), Abcam] for 1 hr. HRP/DAB detection was then performed using a mouse specific HRP/DAB (AMB) detection IHC kit [(ab64264), Abcam] according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sections were counterstained with Haematoxylin QS (Vector), washed and mounted using a synthetic mountant. Sections were imaged using a Slide Scanner Axioscan Z1 (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). DAB positive nuclei staining analyses were performed blinded using QuPath v0.2.0 (Bankhead et al., 2017 (link)).
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5

Comprehensive Hematological and Histological Analysis

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Blood was collected from tail veins into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-coated tubes. Automated peripheral blood counts were obtained using a Vet abc machine (scil). Blood smears and bone marrow cytospins were stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa solutions (Sigma). Mouse tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Blocks were cut into 5 μm sections and mounted onto glass slides prior to staining with hematoxylin and eosin. For immunohistochemistry, slides were microwaved in 10 mM citric acid (pH 6.0) to retrieve antigens. Endogenous peroxidases were quenched using hydrogen peroxide and staining was performed using anti-myeloperoxidase antibody (1:100, ab9535, Abcam) diluted in TBST for 1 h at room temperature. Signal detection was accomplished using an HRP/DAB (ABC) Detection IHC kit (Abcam, ab64264). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin before dehydration and coverslip mounting. Slide images were captured using a Nanozoomer digital slide scanner (Hamamatsu).
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6

Quantifying IFNAR1 Expression in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

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Non-aneurysmal human abdominal aortae were obtained from two organ donors. Infrarenal human AAA specimens were obtained from patients undergoing open surgical repair (n = 6). Collection and use of these specimens were approved by the Human Subject Research Review Board at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China. Non-aneurysmal and aneurysmal mouse aortae were prepared via intra-infrarenal aortic infusion of phosphate-buffered saline (non-aneurysmal) and PPE (aneurysmal), respectively (n = 3 mice/group). All human and mouse aortae were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned (4 μm). Sections were stained with a rabbit anti-IFNAR1 polyclonal antibody (ab244357, Abcam, Waltham, MA, USA) or purified normal rabbit IgG (AB-105-C, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and detected with mouse- and rabbit-specific HRP (house radish peroxidase)/DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) detection kits (ab64264, Abcam, Waltham, MA, USA) as described previously [22 (link),31 (link)]. IFNAR1 expression was quantified as the percentage of positive staining area with the total aortic cross-sectional (ACS) area using Image J Fuji software (Ver 2.0.0-rc-43/1.53m).
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7

Immunofluorescence and Histochemistry of Embryos

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Embryos and tissues were harvested in fresh and washed with ice-cold 1×PBS once, then fixed with 4% PFA and washed with 1×PBS for 3 times to clear residual PFA. After fixation, embryos and tissues were kept in 70% ethanol and then taken through a standard dehydration and paraffin-embedding process. Sections were cut in 4–6 μm. After de-paraffinization and hydration, sections were treated with citrate buffer in 100 °C water bath for 20 min. For immunofluorescent staining, sections were blocked with donkey serum and incubated with proper primary antibodies overnight in 4 °C. Then sections were washed with 1×PBS, incubated with Alex Fluor488/594 secondary antibodies and stained with DAPI. For immunohistochemistry staining, sections were processed according to the manufacturer of the IHC kit (Abcam, ab64264). Images were captured by Zeiss 700 confocal microscopy or Nikon eclipse microscopy. The integrated density of fluorescent signals was calculated by using the ImageJ software. The length of the entire mandible and lower incisors (measured from the cervical loop to the tip of the lower incisor with the dental lamina) were measured in ImageJ software with the absolute value relative to scale bars in each image.
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of CNT1 in Mice

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Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were prepared from the kidneys of Slc28a1+/+ and Slc28a1−/− mice. The paraffin was removed from the tissue sections by baking at 60 °C for 1 h and two treatments with xylene for 10 min per wash. Next, the sections were rehydrated by submergence in a gradient series of ethanol solutions. Antigen retrieval was performed by microwave treatment for 15 min at 10% power in citrate buffer, pH 6. A DAB staining kit was obtained from Abcam (ab64264), and the manufacturer’s staining protocol was followed. The anti-CNT1 primary antibody was diluted 1:200, and sections were incubated with this primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. Harris hematoxylin solution was used to perform nuclear costaining. Images were captured at ×20 magnification with a Vectra 2.0 imaging system (Perkin Elmer).
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9

BCRP Expression in Placenta and Fetal Membranes

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IHC for BCRP was performed on the paraffin-embedded FM and placenta blocks prepared as above. Placental tissue served as a positive control as BCRP is known to be expressed in the placenta [10 (link)]. FMs without the application of the BCRP primary antibody served as the negative control.
Five-µm tissue sections were cut and adhered to slides with a positive charge. Deparaffinization was performed with Xylene. Sections were rehydrated with 100% ethanol, 95% ethanol, and 70% ethanol. An IHC kit from Abcam (ab64264) was used and the manufacturer’s instructions were followed. An antigen retrieval system was used for epitope unmasking utilizing the Tris-EDTA buffer (pH = 9.0). Placenta and FM sections were incubated with a BCRP primary antibody (Abcam [ab3380]; 1:1000 dilution) at 4 °C overnight for immunostaining. For the negative control, FM sections were incubated overnight in 3% BSA TBS-T without a primary antibody. An IHC antirabbit antibody (1:500, Vector Laboratories, CA, USA) was added for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by DAB as a chromogen and hematoxylin as a counter stain for color development. Slides were examined with bright field microscopy for the presence and localization of BCRP. Images were taken at 20× and 40× magnification.
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10

Immunohistochemical Localization of SR-BI and LDL-R in Liver

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The location of SR-BI and low-density lipoprotein LDL-receptor (LDL-R) in liver tissue was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. In brief, liver specimens fixed in 10% formalin at room temperature for 1 week, were embedded in paraffin wax, cut into 5-µm-thick sections, deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a reverse-gradient series of ethyl alcohol. Following treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min at room temperature to block endogenous peroxidase activity, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies against SR-BI (1:100; ab52629; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and LDL-R (1:100; sc-11824; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) for 12 h at 4°C then washed with PBS. Biotinylated goat anti-polyvalent secondary antibodies [1:200; Mouse and Rabbit Specific HRP/DAB (ABC) Detection IHC kit; ab64264; Abcam] were added and incubated for 20 min at room temperature. The specimens were subsequently incubated with streptavidin peroxidase for 10 min at room temperature and DAB (1:50) was applied to visualize the labeling. The positive area was identified with brown staining under the B5-223IEP light microscope (magnification, −400).
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