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Deltamethrin

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Deltamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It functions as an insecticide, with the core purpose of controlling and eliminating insects and other arthropod pests.

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Lab products found in correlation

Permethrin, by Chem Service (5 mentions) Flumethrin, by Bayer (3 mentions) Piperonyl butoxide pbo, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bioallethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions) Bioresmethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions) Tefluthrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Transfluthrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions) Diethyl maleate dem, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 1r trans fenfluthrin, by Bayer (2 mentions) Tau fluvalinate, by Chem Service (2 mentions) Temephos, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Temephos, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Protein assay kit, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions) Malathion, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Acetone, by Avantor (1 mentions) Fenpropathrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Indoxacarb, by DuPont (1 mentions) Cis permethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Bapta am, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Protease inhibitor cocktail, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

9 protocols using deltamethrin

1

Bioassay of Insecticide Compounds

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Bioassays were conducted by using technical-grade temephos (> 95%), deltamethrin (99.5%), permethrin (98%), PBO (98%), and DEF (98%) (ChemService Inc., West Chester, PA).
, & Khan H.A. (2020). Resistance to insecticides and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in Aedes albopictus from Punjab, Pakistan. Scientific Reports, 10, 21034.
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2

Evaluating Mosquito Larvicide Effectiveness

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Temephos, an organophosphate anti-cholinesterase and established mosquito larvicide, was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Item 31526-250MG). Deltamethrin (DM) is a pyrethroid insecticide used in bednets for which acts on insect sodium channels [14 (link)–16 (link)] and was obtained from Chem Service (Item N-11579). This particular pyrethroid was selected for study as the strains used had previously been characterised for Deltamethrin resistance in the adult stage, and we were keen to examine if resistance could also be detected during larval stages using the INVAPP / Paragon system. Temephos and Deltamethrin were prepared as stock solutions (1 x 10−2 M in DMSO) then diluted to the required final concentrations in water.
The Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen box library contains 400 drug-like molecules targeting a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. We used this to explore the potential of library-scale drug screening using INVAPP / Paragon.
Buckingham S.D., Partridge F.A., Poulton B.C., Miller B.S., McKendry R.A., Lycett G.J, & Sattelle D.B. (2021). Automated phenotyping of mosquito larvae enables high-throughput screening for novel larvicides and offers potential for smartphone-based detection of larval insecticide resistance. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(6), e0008639.
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3

Deltamethrin Purification and Characterization

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Deltamethrin was purchased from ChemService (99.5% purity and lot 418–66B; West Chester, PA). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted.
Magby J.P, & Richardson J.R. (2016). Developmental pyrethroid exposure causes long-term decreases of neuronal sodium channel expression. Neurotoxicology, 60, 274-279.
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4

Pesticide Quantification in Fruit Flies

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Chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK) unless otherwise stated. DDT (an organochlorine), malathion (an organophosphate), deltamethrin (a pyrethroid) and propoxur (a carbamate) (97–99% pure) were obtained from ChemService (Maidstone, UK). Biochemical assay plates were read using an EPOCH 2 absorbance microtitre plate reader with Gen 5.03 software (Molecular Devices, Bio-Tek, Vermont, USA) Protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK) was used for the detection of protein content in fly homogenates.
Pathirage D.R., Karunaratne S.H., Senanayake S.C, & Karunaweera N.D. (2020). Insecticide susceptibility of the sand fly leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 246.
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5

Deltamethrin, Permethrin and DDT Bioassays

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Contact bioassays with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT (Chem Service, West Chester PA) were performed as described previously with 1-3 day old male flies (Rinkevich and Scott, 2012 ). Probit analyses were performed using Minitab (State College, PA). The LC50 values were considered to be significantly different if the 95% confidence intervals (CI) did not overlap.
Rinkevich F.D., Du Y., Tolinski J., Ueda A., Wu C.F., Zhorov B.S, & Dong K. (2015). Distinct Roles of the DmNav and DSC1 Channels in the Action of DDT and Pyrethroids. Neurotoxicology, 47, 99-106.
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6

Insecticide Screening for Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels

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A total of 20 insecticides that target the VSSC and two synergists were used in this study: acrinathrin (88.7%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis, 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis‐permethrin (99%, Chem Service), cyfluthrin (98%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane) (98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma‐Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), 1R‐trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), fenpropathrin (99.5%, Chem Service), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), indoxacarb (DPX‐MP062, 100%), and its bioactive metabolite DCJW, (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), tau‐fluvalinate (93.8%, Chem Service), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma‐Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service) and trans‐permethrin (99% FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA). All insecticides were diluted in acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).
Smith L.B., Kasai S, & Scott J.G. (2017). Voltage‐sensitive sodium channel mutations S989P + V1016G in Aedes aegypti confer variable resistance to pyrethroids, DDT and oxadiazines. Pest Management Science, 74(3), 737-745.
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7

Deltamethrin Cytotoxicity Assay Protocol

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Deltamethrin was purchased from ChemService (99.5% purity and lot 418–66B; West Chester, PA). TTX, BAPTA-AM, and protease inhibitor cocktail were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The calpain inhibitor PD 150606 was obtained from Alexis Biochemicals (San Diego, CA). Cell culture media and reagents were obtained from Mediatech (Herndon, VA). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted.
Magby J.P, & Richardson J.R. (2014). Role of Calcium and Calpain in the Downregulation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression by the Pyrethroid Pesticide Deltamethrin. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 29(3), 129-134.
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8

Insecticides and Synergist Evaluation

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A total of 20 insecticides (representing diverse structures and known stereochemical composition) and three synergists were used (Fig 3): 1R-cis αS cypermethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), 1R-trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), alpha-cypermethrin (99.5%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis and 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis-permethrin (99.4%, Zeneca Ag products), cyfluthrin (99.2%, Chem Service), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas), cypermethrin (44.8% cis and 53.9% trans, Chem Service), N-decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) (98%, DuPont), DDT (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma-Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Tokyo Japan), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), permethrin (24% cis and 76% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma-Aldrich), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) (97.3%, Chem Service), tau-fluvalinate (96%, Chem Service), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma-Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service), trans-permethrin (99%, FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA).
Silva J.J., Kouam C.N, & Scott J.G. (2021). Levels of cross-resistance to pyrethroids conferred by the Vssc knockdown resistance allele 410L+1016I+1534C in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(7), e0009549.
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9

Insecticide Efficacy Evaluation Protocol

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A total of eight insecticides that target the VSSC and one cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor were used in this study: cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), DCJW (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich). All insecticides were diluted in analytical grade acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).
Fan Y, & Scott J.G. (2020). The F1534C voltage‐sensitive sodium channel mutation confers 7‐ to 16‐fold resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Aedes aegypti. Pest Management Science, 76(6), 2251-2259.
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