Eight commercial samples for each type of vinegar were randomly purchased from a local market. The product information was extracted from the labels, and this is outlined in Table S1 . Organic acid standards (formic acid, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, pyroglutamic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid), amino acid standards (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Arg, Pro, pyroglutamic acid, and GABA), butanal, rutin, gallic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 2-octanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic), FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power), DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), K2S2O8, FeCl3, NaCl, Na2CO3, NaNO2, Al(NO3)3, NaOH, H2O2, NH3.H2O, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine, phosphate, soybean lecithin, deoxyribose, trichloroacetic acid, fulin, methanol, and ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Pyroglutamic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Pyroglutamic acid is a cyclic amino acid that serves as a common laboratory reagent. It is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula C₅H₇NO₃. Pyroglutamic acid is used in various analytical and research applications within the scientific community.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Proline, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Alanine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Glutamic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Valine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Citric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Malic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Histidine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Arginine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tyrosine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Aspartic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Serine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isoleucine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phenylalanine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Glutamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Taurine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tryptophan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
10 protocols using pyroglutamic acid
1
Comprehensive Vinegar Analysis: Profiling Organic Acids and Antioxidants
2
Dansylation of Putative Biomarkers
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Compounds used for dansylation, including sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formic acid, and the authentic reference standards of the previously annotated putative urine biomarkers, 3-amino-2-piperidone, pyroglutamic acid, o-phosphoethanolamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and uridine, and amino acid standards (#AAS 18) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)MS grade water, acetonitrile (ACN) containing 0.1% formic acid, and water containing 0.1% formic acid were also obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. Can and formic acid used as elution buffers for LC-UV were purchased from J.T. Baker-Avantor (Easton, PA, USA) and Sigma–Aldrich, respectively. Ultrapure water was obtained by purification using a Milli-Q system (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). 12C2-Dansyl chloride(12C2-DnsCl) was from Sigma–Aldrich, and 13C2-dansyl chloride( 13C2-DnsCl) was obtained from Wuxi Beita Pharmatech (Jiangsu, China).
3
Comprehensive Metabolite Identification Protocol
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All reagents employed were of analytical or MS grade. Acetonitrile, methanol, isopropanol, and formic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain). Water employed to prepare the running buffer was purified through a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Millipore, Madrid, Spain). Arginine, glutamic acid, pyroglutamic acid, tyrosine, alanine, histidine, cystine, proline, aspartic acid, iminodiacetic acid, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, and 5,6-dihydro-5-methyluracil were acquired in Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Methionine sulfone and tyramine used as IS and sodium hydroxide were from Sigma Aldrich while purine and hexakis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phosphazine (HP-921) solutions used as a standard mass reference were acquired from Agilent Technologies (Waldbronn, Germany).
4
Metabolite Profiling Using HPLC-MS/MS
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The standards of lysine, proline, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamine, arginine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, pyroglutamic acid, serine, asparagine, aspartic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, tryptophan, taurine, and alanine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol and acetonitrile for high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and Methanol for chromatography were obtained from Merck. The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, MW = 36–50 kDa) was a product of MP Bioscience, and berberine (purity > 95%) was purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). The rapamycin was bought from Sigma-Aldrich (lot number: 553211).
5
Quantification of Shrimp Tropomyosin by OPA-NAC Assay
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All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Aqueous solutions were prepared with ultrapure deionized water using a Millipore Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA, resistivity > 18 MΩ cm). Natural shrimp tropomyosin, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium citrate and pyroglutamic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) were purchased from Acros Organics, IllKirch, France). A 0.05 M borate solution and a 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution were prepared by dissolving sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O) and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), respectively, in ultrapure water.
OPA-NAC reagent was prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of OPA in ethanol and then diluting (20:80, v/v) in a buffered borate NAC solution adjusted to pH = 10.5.
OPA-NAC reagent was prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of OPA in ethanol and then diluting (20:80, v/v) in a buffered borate NAC solution adjusted to pH = 10.5.
6
Analytical NMR Profiling of Serum Samples
7
Quantification of phenolic acids in plant extracts
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Authentic standards of caffeic acid (purity > 96%), pyroglutamic acid (purity > 96%), vanillic acid (purity > 96%), salicylic acid (purity > 96%) and gentisic acid (purity > 96%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol, acetic acid, acetonitrile, and water 0.1% (v/v) formic acid were from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands), and formic acid was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Ultrapure water was obtained through the Milli-Q system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).
8
Comprehensive Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis
9
Gut Microbiome Metabolite Profiling
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GEN-001 was provided by Genome and Company Inc., and is a single-strain L. lactis isolated from the gut of healthy human volunteers.
Acetonitrile, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-grade deionized water, and extra pure formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Acetylcholine, cholic acid, choline, quinic acid, proline, pyroglutamic acid, tryptophan, phenyllactic acid, deoxycholic acid, malic acid, hypoxanthine, carnitine, glutamic acid, norleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, methylmalonic acid, pyruvic acid, and glucuronic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Trigonelline was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. Urobilin hydrochloride was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. Deionized water for sample preparation was prepared using a Milli-Q water system (Merck).
Acetonitrile, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-grade deionized water, and extra pure formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Acetylcholine, cholic acid, choline, quinic acid, proline, pyroglutamic acid, tryptophan, phenyllactic acid, deoxycholic acid, malic acid, hypoxanthine, carnitine, glutamic acid, norleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, methylmalonic acid, pyruvic acid, and glucuronic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Trigonelline was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. Urobilin hydrochloride was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. Deionized water for sample preparation was prepared using a Milli-Q water system (Merck).
10
Metabolite Profiling of Biological Samples
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Methanol, chloroform, hexane, pyridine, methoxamine hydrochloride, potassium chloride, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), lactic acid, alanine, glycine, urea, valine, phosphate, isoleucine, proline, succinic acid, uracil, itaconic acid, methyl maleic acid, serine, malic acid, pyroglutamic acid, creatinine, 2-deossiribose, ribose, levoglucosan, arabinitol, fucose, orotic acid, aconitic acid, 3-phosphogliceric acid altrose, citric acid, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannitol, glucitol, scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol, fructose-6-phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, lactose, cellobiose, and maltose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). Bidistilled water was obtained from a Mil-liQ purification system (Millipore, Milan, Italy).
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