All of the chemicals used in this investigation were of analytical grade. Danofloxacin (DAN), ofloxacin (OFL), levofloxacin (LEV), garenoxacin (GAR), pefloxacin (PEF), gatifloxacin (GAT), clinafloxacin (CLI), sarafloxacin (SAR), lomefloxacin (LOM), tosufloxacin (TOZ), sparfloxacin (SPA), difloxacin (DIF), pazufloxacin (PAZ), marbofloxacin (MAR), moxifloxacin (MOX), rufloxacin (RUF), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), pipemidic acid (PIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), oxolinic acid (OXO), orbifloxacin (ORB), enoxacin (ENO), nadifloxacin (NAD), flumequine (FLU), bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumine (OVA), casein, 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylenediamine hydrochloride, triethylamine, sodium borohydride, glutardialdehyde, 4-aminomethylfluorescein (4-AMF), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and Tween-20 were Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) products. Complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvants were produced by Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit immunoglobulins were from the Gamaleya Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia). All other chemicals (salts and solvents of analytical grade) were from Khimmed (Moscow, Russia).
Pefloxacin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Pefloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent used in laboratory settings. It belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics and functions as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, inhibiting the growth of various bacterial strains.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Norfloxacin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ofloxacin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Enrofloxacin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Lomefloxacin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Oxytetracycline, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sarafloxacin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Difloxacin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tween 20, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N hydroxysuccinimide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Florfenicol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Thiamphenicol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlortetracycline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Florfenicol amine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tetracycline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Doxycycline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q ultrapure system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
9 protocols using pefloxacin
1
Development of Fluoroquinolone Immunoassays
2
Permeability Assay of Drugs Using MDCK Cells
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The nine drugs tested (amitryptiline, atenolol, carbamazepine, fleroxacin, loperamide, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, propranolol and zolpidem) and HPLC grade solvents (acetonitrile, methanol and water) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Barcelona, Spain). MDCK cell line was purchased from ATCC (USA) and MDCK-MDR1 cells were provided by Dr. Gottessman, MM (Nathional Institutes of Health, Bethesda). Pig brain homogenate was kindly supplied by a local slaughterhouse and fresh unfertilized chicken eggs were bought in a local supermarket. Table 2 shows the molecular properties of the nine drugs mentioned above.
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with high content of glucose, L-glutamine, HEPES, MEM non-essential aminoacid, penicillin−streptomycin, trypsin-EDTA, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) for the cell culture of MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cell lines were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with high content of glucose, L-glutamine, HEPES, MEM non-essential aminoacid, penicillin−streptomycin, trypsin-EDTA, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) for the cell culture of MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cell lines were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
3
Analytical Standards for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metals
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Chemical standards for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, norfloxacin-d5, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tetracycline-d6, chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol-d5, thiamphenicol, florfenicol, florfenicol amine, metronidazole, metronidazole-d4, malachite green, malachite green-d5, Leucomalachite green, and leucomalachite green-d5 were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich with purity grade more than 95% (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standard solutions of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were brought from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), and ethyl acetate were brought from Merck Chemicals Ltd. (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure HNO3 (68.0–70.0%, Certified ACS) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). Ammonia solution, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) with analytical grade were all purchased from Sinopharm (Beijing, China). Ultrapure water was produced through the Milli-Q ultrapure system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles
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All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and used without any pretreatment. Dimethyl aminopyridine was purchased from Tokyo chemicals industry (TCI, China). Dibromo propane and potassium thioacetate were purchased from Alfa-Aesar (MA, USA). Chloroauric acid trihydrate and Pefloxacin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Oven dried glass wares were washed with aqua regia and rinsed by deionized water before using. Freshly prepared solutions were used throughout synthesis of nanoparticles and photophysical analysis. Instruments used for the analysis are UV–visible spectrophotometer (Evolution 300), IR spectrophotometer (Vector 22, Bruker), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometer (Bruker Ultra flex, TOF–TOF), NMR spectrometer (1H-NMR 300 MHz and 13C NMR 125 MHz) (Bruker, Switzerland), atomic force microscope (AFM) (Agilent 5500), and transmission electron microscope (Hi-Tech, 300 kV TEM H-9500).
5
Synthesis of Inhibitory Compounds
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DB04763 and DB08122 were synthesised by methods that have been described previously (Supuran et al., 1998 ; Bramson et al., 2001 (link)) full details are provided in the supplementary data. Reagents for chemical synthesis were purchased from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK) or Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). All other compounds, including furosemide and pefloxacin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK).
6
Fluoroquinolone Standards Analysis
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The standards of six fluoroquinolones, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, and lomefloxacin were of high purity grade (>95%) and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). Methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade and purchased from Thermo Fisher (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Formic acid was of HPLC grade and citrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate (Na2EDTA) were all analytical grade. Ultra-pure water was prepared using a Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA).
7
Conjugation and Characterization of Antibodies
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxaicin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), triethylamine, carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, Tween 20, glutaraldehyde solution (Grade II, 25%), glycine, Freund's complete adjuvant/incomplete adjuvant, and 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Goat anti-mouse IgG was purchased from Abcam (UK). An EZ-Link Plus Activated Peroxidase kit was purchased from Thermo Scientific (USA). 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetra-methylbenzidine (TMB) solution was purchased from KPL (USA). Amine-functionalized MNPs (160 nm) were acquired from Nanobric (Korea). A HiTrap Protein G HP kit was obtained from GE Healthcare (UK).
8
Analytical Standards for Veterinary Drugs
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Chemical standards (purity grade > 95%) for quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, nrofloxacin-d 5 , ofloxacin, pefloxacin), tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline) and chloramphenicols (chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol-d 5 , thiamphenicol, florfenicol, florfenicol amine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and Dr Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). Methanol (MeOH) and acetonitrile (ACN) with HPLC-grade were obtained from Merck Chemicals Ltd (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (FA) and ethyl acetate were HPLC grade. Aqueous ammonia, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride (NaCl), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na 2 EDTA) were all analytical grade. Ultrapure water was obtained by the Milli-Q ultrapure system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
9
Quantification of Antibiotic Compounds
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Ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFX), oxytetracycline (OTC), pefloxacin (PEF), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethoxazole (SXT), sulfathiazole (ST) and tetracycline (TET) of high purity grade (>90%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). Ciprofloxacin-D8 (CIP-D8), sulfamethoxazole-D4 (SXT-D4), ofloxacin-D8 (OFX-D8) and tetracycline-D6 (TET-D6) were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). The solvents, HPLC gradient grade methanol, acetonitrile (LiChrosolv) and formic acid (98%) were supplied by Merck (Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore water purification system (Milli-Q water) by Merck (Germany). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, KH2PO4, MgSO4, NaCl, Na3Citrate and Na2Citrate·H2O was purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Poland).
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