Lactose monohydrate

Tris-egg yolk extender was prepared freshly by mixing 1.363 g Tris-aminomethane (Merck, CAS Number: 108382, Darmstadt, Germany), 0.762 g citric acid (CAS Number: 77-92-9 100241-Merck Millipore), 1.5 g lactose monohydrate (Merck CAS Number: 1.07660), and 2.7 g D-(+)-raffinose pentahydrate (Merck, CAS Number: 512-69-6), 0.5 g D(-)-fructose (Merck, CAS Number: 57-48-7 104007) was dissolved in 80 mL double-distilled water and homogenized with a magnetic stirrer for 10-15 min [8 (link)]. The extender osmolarity was 295 mOsm/L (WESCOR model 5500, INC, USA). The solution was heated to 100°C for a few minutes and cooled to room temperature (26°C), after which it was mixed with 0.1 g penicillin G (Meiji Seika Co., Tokyo, Japan) and 0.1 streptomycin sulfate (Meiji). The mixture was homogenized again for 10-15 min. Egg yolk (20 mL) was dissolved in 80 mL of the mixture, centrifuged 492 × g for 15 min, the supernatant was used as an extender while the precipitate was removed [2 (link)].

Budesonide (BU) was acquired from Jaber Ebne Hayyan Pharmaceutical Company (Tehran, Iran). Lactose monohydrate and Avicel pH 102 were obtained from Merck, Frankfurt, Germany. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) (Rahavard Tamin, Saveh, Iran), eudragit S PO, (Evonik Industries AG, Hanau, Germany), eudragit L PO, (Evonik Industries AG, Hanau, Germany), eudragit RS PO, (Evonik Industries AG, Hanau, Germany), talc, (Merck, Frankfurt, Germany), triethyl citrate (TEC) (Merck, Frankfurt, Germany), chitosan (medium-molecular-weight, 75–85% deacetylated) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), three polyphosphate (Merk, Frankfurt, Germany), acetic acid (Dr. Mojallaly, Tehran, Iran), ethanol (Dr. Mojallaly, Tehran, Iran), isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) (Dr. Mojallaly, Tehran, Iran) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain) were utilized. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grades.

The following chemicals were used for the tablet dissolution experiments. Pemulen TR2 NF was kindly provided by Lubrizol Advanced Materials (Brussels, Belgium). According to the supplier, the polymer consists of poly (acrylic acid) cross-linked with allylpentaerytritol and contains 52–62 wt% of carboxylic acid groups. Pemulen is hydrophobically modified with grafted C10-C30 alkyl-chains. Griseofulvin was purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany) and used as provided.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was purchased from VWR International (Poole, England). The CMC for SDS is 8.3 mM in pure water [23 ] and was determined, with a tensiometer and a de Noüy ring, to 1.8 mM at 37°C in 0.1 M phosphate buffered solution, pH 7.2. For tableting, lactose monohydrate from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) was used as supplied and talc and magnesium stearate were of analytical grade.
The following chemicals were used to prepare the simulated intestinal fluid. Sodium taurocholate (NaTC) was purchased from TCI (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Lecithin from soybeans and sodium oleate was acquired from VWR International (Leuven, Belgium and Fonteray sous Bois, France). Glycerol monooleate was purchased from Grindsted Products (Copenhagen, Denmark) and maleic acid was acquired from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany). NaOH and NaCl were of analytical grade. All chemicals were used as received.

HPLC grade acetonitrile and isopropanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Triethylamine (≥99%) was obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. 2’‐FL (>95%) was purchased from Carbosynth (Berkshire, UK). The standard for 3‐FL (99.7%) was kindly provided by Danisco Sweeteners Oy (Kantvik, Finland). Lactose monohydrate and sucrose were both purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified in a Milli‐Q water purification system from Millipore (Molsheim, France).