Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S2O3·5H2O. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent and a fixative in photography. The compound's core function is to provide a source of thiosulfate ions, which are commonly used in various chemical processes and applications.

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Sodium thiosulfate (167 citations) Thiosulfate (8 citations)

21 protocols using sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

Multifunctional Biosensor Fabrication

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Tetrahydrofuran (THF), PVB resin BUTVAR B-98, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, gelatin (from bovine skin), sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, sodium bisulfite, ammonium ionophore I, aniline, CS, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS), PU, glucose oxidase, uricase, chitosan, iron (III) chloride, potassium ferricyanide (III), paraformaldehyde, UA, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. l-lactate oxidase was purchased from Toyobo Corp. Hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, m ethanol, ethanol, acetone, urea, dextrose (d-glucose), and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The SEBS polymer was obtained from Asahi Kasei Corporation. TCP-25 (GKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDQFGE) (98% purity, acetate salt) and tetramethylrhodamine-labeled TCP-25 were purchased from CPC Scientific.

Shirzaei Sani E., Xu C., Wang C., Song Y., Min J., Tu J., Solomon S.A., Li J., Banks J.L., Armstrong D.G, & Gao W. (2023). A stretchable wireless wearable bioelectronic system for multiplexed monitoring and combination treatment of infected chronic wounds. Science Advances, 9(12), eadf7388.

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Optimized Thermal Desorption Analysis

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Sodium tetrathionate dihydrate, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, and potassium and sodium cyanide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and sodium methanethiolate, the sodium salt of methanethiol (NaSCH₃, 95% pure), was purchased from Acros Organics. A thermal desorption tube filled with Tenax^® TA adsorptive material (Gerstel Inc.) was conditioned for 8 h at 315 °C under 68 psi before being used for the first time. Purified water (18 MΩ-cm resistivity) was generated using a Water PRO PS system.

Chan A., Lee J., Bhadra S., Bortey-Sam N., Hendry-Hofer T.B., Bebarta V.S., Mahon S.B., Brenner M., Logue B., Pilz R.B, & Boss G.R. (2021). Development of sodium tetrathionate as a cyanide and methanethiol antidote. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 60(3), 332-341.

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Synthesis of Functionalized Alcohols

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Acryloyl chloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, 3-buten-3-ol, n-butyl acrylate, n-decan-1-ol, Dess-Martin periodinane, diethyl ether, diethylaluminium chloride, n-heptan-1-ol, 6-hepten-1-ol, 1,4-hexadiene, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-4-hexen-1-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexen-3-ol, 5-hexyn-1-ol, hydrogen peroxide solution, lithium diisopropylamide, magnesium sulfate, n-octan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, n-pentan-1-ol, 4-penten-1-ol, petroleum ether, phenoxyacetic acid, propionic acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, tetrahydrofuran, triethyl orthoacetate, trimethylamine, and vinylmagnesium bromide solution were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The educts 1-hepten-3-ol, 1-hexen-3-one, and 7-octen-1-ol were purchased from abcr (Karlsruhe, Germany) and chloroform, sodium hydroxide, and sulphuric acid from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexyl acrylate, methanol, 1-nonen-3-one, n-propyl acrylate, silica gel (Normasil 60, 40–63 µm), and sodium chloride were purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). All reactants were at least of reagent grade.

Bauer P., Ortner E, & Buettner A. (2022). Influence of elongation and desaturation on chemosensory properties in acrylates and their corresponding 1-alken-3-ones. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414(28), 8009-8022.

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Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication and Materials

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Graphite flake and silver nitrate were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, multiwalled CNTs, TTF, citric acid, chloroplatinic acid, sodium borohydride, ammonium chloride, nickel chloride, copper acetate, iron(III) chloride, copper acetate, zinc nitrate, Nafion perfluorinated resin solution (5%), sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, sodium bisulfite, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), F127, nonactin, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), CS, PDMS, aniline, and platinum carbon black (Pt/C) (0.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, m ethanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, sodium chloride, disodium phosphate, urea, and dextrose (D-glucose) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. MDB was purchased from Combi- Blocks Inc. Lactate oxidase (106 U mg⁻¹) was purchase from Toyobo Co. The CNT film and Ni substrate (h-Ni) were purchased from NTL Inc. and MXBaoheng Products, respectively. Medical tapes were purchased from Adhesives Research. PIs (PI-2611 and PI-2610) were purchased from HD MicroSystems Inc. Silver conductive paint was purchased from Structure Probe, Inc. (SPI supplies).

Yu Y., Nassar J., Xu C., Min J., Yang Y., Dai A., Doshi R., Huang A., Song Y., Gehlhar R., Ames A.D, & Gao W. (2020). Biofuel-powered soft electronic skin with multiplexed and wireless sensing for human-machine interfaces. Science robotics, 5(41), eaaz7946.

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Cyanide Poisoning Antidote Protocol

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For use in moderate and high dose cyanide experiments, 25 or 50 mg NaCN (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively, was dissolved in 10 ml of 0.9% saline (Revival Animal Health). Glycine (2 M, Sigma-Aldrich) was adjusted to pH 11 with 10 N NaOH, and 5 to 12 cc were given through the gastric tube in 2.5 cc increments to adjust stomach pH to >9. Averages of 7.5 cc of Glycine were needed to reach the target stomach pH. Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (2.5 M, Sigma-Aldrich) was given orally (4 cc in 2 doses given 5 min apart) or by intramuscular injection (0.62 cc). Sodium nitrite (Sigma-Aldrich) was given intramuscularly as 0.32 cc of an 800 mM solution.

Brenner M., Azer S.M., Oh K.J., Han C.H., Lee J., Mahon S.B., Du X., Mukai D., Burney T., Saidian M., Chan A., Straker D.I., Bebarta V.S, & Boss G.R. (2017). Oral Glycine and Sodium Thiosulfate for Lethal Cyanide Ingestion. Journal of clinical toxicology, 7(3), 355.

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Baculum Demineralization and Histological Analysis

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After image acquisition, the samples were removed from agarose gel and placed in 10% sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 hours while shaking at room temperature. This reduced the iodine to water-soluble iodide, which removed the iodine staining from the specimen. The samples were washed in 70% ethanol and demineralized in 3% nitric acid (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) at room temperature overnight. Demineralization of the baculum facilitates serial sectioning. The following day, the samples were serially dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. 7-μm serial sections were created using a rotary microtome, mounted, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin. The slides were examined under a SZX-1000 microscope (Olympus, Center Valley, PA, USA) and digital images were captured using a DP72 (Olympus) camera unit. Measurements on the digital slides were made by 2 independent observers using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health; https://imagej.net), an open-source image processing software.

O’Neill M., Huang G.O, & Lamb D.J. (2017). Novel Application of Micro-Computerized Tomography for Morphologic Characterization of the Murine Penis. The journal of sexual medicine, 14(12), 1533-1539.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Alkene Precursors

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The following materials were purchased from manufacturers and used as is: 1-Bromopentane, 2-bromopentane, tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB), 2-methyl-1-pentene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-bromo-3-methylbutane, potassium tetrachloropalladate (K₂PdCl₄), 1-pentene, and 3-methyl-1-pentene were obtained from Acros. 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) was obtained from Fisher Scientific. Chloroform-d and deuterium oxide were purchased from Chembridge Isotope Laboratories. Water was purified using a Barnstead NANOpure diamond water system.

Tieu P., Nguyen V, & Shon Y.S. (2020). Proximity Effects of Methyl Group on Ligand Steric Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Palladium Nanoparticles. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8, 599.

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Synthesis of C8 and PhC2 Ligands

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1-Bromooctane (C₈H₁₇Br), 2-bromoethylbenzene (C₆H₅C₂H₄Br), and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O) for synthesizing
the C8 and PhC2 ligands were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraoctylammonium
bromide (TOAB), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), and potassium
tetrachloropalladate (II) (K₂PdCl₄) were obtained
from Acros. In addition, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and toluene were
obtained from Fisher Scientific. acetone-d₆ (CD₃COCD₃), chloroform-d₁ (CDCl₃), dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ (CD₃SOCD₃), and methanol-d₄ (CD3OD), which are used as solvents for the catalysis
reaction, were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.
Water was purified by using a Barnstead NANO pure Diamond ion exchange
resins purification unit.

Mahdaly M.A., Zhu J.S., Nguyen V, & Shon Y.S. (2019). Colloidal Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrogenation of Styrene Derivatives with Reactive Functional Groups. ACS Omega, 4(24), 20819-20828.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Compounds

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All reagents were used as received from the
following suppliers. 1-Bromooctane (C₈H₁₇Br),
1-bromododecane (C₁₂H₂₄Br), sodium thiosulfate
pentahydrate (Na₂O₃S₂·5H₂O), and hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) hydrate (H₂PtCl₆) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (TOAB), 1-octanethiol, sodium borohydride
(NaBH₄), potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (K₂PtCl₄), phenylacetylene, diphenylacetylene, tert-butyl propiolate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne, methyl propiolate, 3-butyn-2-one,
2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, 1-pentyne, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
(DMAD) were obtained from Acros. Ethanol, mEthanol, acetone, dichloromethane
(DCM), and toluene (tol) were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Deuterium
oxide (D₂O), chloroform-d (CDCl₃), dichloromethane-d₂ (CD₂Cl₂), mEthanol-d₄ (CD₃OD), and toluene-d₈ were purchased
from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.

San K.A., Chen V, & Shon Y.S. (2017). Preparation of Partially Poisoned Alkanethiolate-Capped Platinum Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation of Activated Terminal Alkynes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9(11), 9823-9832.

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Fabrication of Flexible Chemical Sensors

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EDOT, PSS, sodium ionophore X, bis(2-ethylehexyl) sebacate (DOS), PVB, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (Na-TFPB), aniline, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O), block polymer PEO-PPO-PEO (F127), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and citric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), m ethanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl₄), and disodium phosphate (Na₂HPO₄) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. PDMS (SYLGARD 184) was purchased from Dow Corning. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Waterproof, double-sided medical tapes (75 μm thick) were purchased from Adhesives Research. Silver conductive paint was purchased from Structure Probe Inc. (SPI) supplies. Moisture-resistant PET film (100 μm thick) was purchased from McMaster-Carr. PTFE (50 μm thick) was purchased from JIAET.

Song Y., Min J., Yu Y., Wang H., Yang Y., Zhang H, & Gao W. (2020). Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion. Science Advances, 6(40), eaay9842.

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