γ gcsc

Carnosic acid was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Biowest (Riverside, MO, USA). Dulbecco`s modified Eagle`s medium (DMEM), bovine calf serum (BCS), Fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin-EDTA, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and Hank`s balanced salt solution (HBSS) were purchased from Welgene Inc. (Gyeongsan, Korea). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), antibiotic-antimycotic solution 100X, insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone, isopropanol, formaldehyde, DCFH-DA, DHE, protease inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), Triton X-100, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), skim milk, and DPAI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies of Nox4, p47^phox, p22^phox, NF-κB (p65), phospho-NF-κB (p65), IκBα, phospho-IκBα, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, C/EBPγ, HO-1, γ-GCSc, GST, and Nrf2 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-adiponectin was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). 3T3-L1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA).

AOM, DSS (MW 36,000–50,000), digitoflavone, SB202190, DCFH-DA [2′, 7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate], Trypsin, MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliμM bromide], BSO [L-Buthionine-sulfoximine ], DNase-free RNase and SB202190 were obtained from Sigma-aldrich, USA. Digitoflavone was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and was used in all experiments. Maxima® SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix (2×) and Maxima® First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit were purchased from Fermentas life science (Fermentas, MBI). PD98059, Wortmannin, Lysis buffer was purchased from Beyotime, China. Primary antibodies (Nrf2 for mouse, γ-GCSc, γ-GCSm, TR, HO-1, Keap1, PKC, Lamin B) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA. Rabbit anti-Nrf2 (for human) was purchased from Abcam, USA. Primary antibodies (p-PKC, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, p38, AKT and p-AKT) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA. Goat anti-rabbit IgG and goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies were purchased from LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA. Rabbit anti-Goat IgG was obtained from KPL, Gaithersbhrg, MD, USA. Monoclonal mouse anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogease (GAPDH) was obtained from KangChen, China.