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8 protocols using ab170952

1

Immunohistochemical Profiling of Liver Tissue

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Liver pieces were fixed in Roti Histofix (P087.4, Carl Roth) for 48h. Afterward the fixation solution was exchanged to 70% (v/v) ethanol and stored until paraffin-embedment. For immunohistochemical stainings 2 μm FFPE consecutive sections cut, heat-mediated antigen retrieval was performed in citrate buffer at pH 6.0 (S1699; Dako, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Sections were stained with antibodies specific to STAT1 monoclonal rabbit (1:200; 9172; Cell Signaling Technology), ASS1 monoclonal rabbit (1:400; ab170952; Abcam), OTC monoclonal rabbit (1:500, sc-5157791; Santa Cruz), using standard protocols.
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2

Western Blotting Protein Analysis Protocol

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The Western blotting assay was conducted in accordance with a previous study [24 (link)]. The cell lysate containing the protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (Beyotime, Nantong, China), was added to the cells to extract proteins and quantified using a BCA protein quantification kit (Beyotime, Nantong, China). Equal amounts of proteins were added to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the membrane was transferred, and the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane of the corresponding size was cut out according to the molecular weight. After blocking with 5% skimmed milk in Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20 (TBST) for 2 h, the membranes were incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies (ASS1, 1/2000, ab170952, Abcam; YTHDF2, 1/1000, ab246514, Abcam) at 4 °C overnight. The membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. Immunoblots were detected using an imaging system (Bio-Rad, USA). GAPDH was used as the loading control.

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3

Antibody Immunoblotting Protocol

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Antibodies against ASS1 (ab170952), ASL (ab201026), Beclin 1 (ab210498), LC3B (ab51520), OTC (ab203859) and PARP1 (ab194586) were obtained from abcam (Cambridge, UK). Antibodies against β-ACTIN (MA515730) were obtained Thermo Fisher Scientific. Antibodies against AMPKα (2532), Phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (2535S) and GAPDH (5174S) were obtained from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA). Immunoblotting was performed as previously described [18 (link)].
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Urea Cycle Enzymes

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Tissues and tumor samples were grounded in liquid nitrogen, lysed in Tris lysis buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% NP40, 5 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol), separated on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred on PVDF membrane (Millipore). Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 1 hour and probed overnight at 4˚C with antibodies against ASS1 (1:1,000, Ab170952, Abcam), ASL (1:500, sc-374353, Santa Cruz), OTC (1:500, sc-515791, Santa Cruz), ARG1 (1:500, sc-271430, Santa Cruz), ATG7 (1:2,000, A2856, Sigma), transferrin (1:1,000, sc-22597, Santa Cruz), ATG5 (1:1,500, Ab108327, Abcam) and β-actin (1:5,000, A1978, Sigma). Immunoreactive bands were detected using peroxidase-conjugated antibody (GE Healthcare) and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents (NEL105001EA, Perkin Elmer) and were analyzed using the ChemiDoc XRS+ system (Biorad). Protein levels were quantified using the Image Lab v6.0.1 software. Antibodies were validated with the use of positive and negative control following manufacturer’s protocol.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Arginine Metabolism

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Paraffin-embedded tissue sections (4 μm) were soaked in xylene for three times, then rehydration through an ethanol to water gradient at 100%/100%/95%/ 90%/80%/70%. Then, sections were placed in Citrate Antigen Retrieval Solution (0.1 M, pH 6.0) and heated for 5 min. After cooling to room temperature (RT), sections were blocked with 5% BSA for 1 h, then incubated with the anti-arginase antibody (ab233548, EPR22033-369, abcam, England, 1:1000 dilution) and anti-ASS1 antibody (ab170952, EPR12398, abcam, 1:1000 dilution) at 4 °C overnight, or incubated with the anti-iNOS antibody (ab283655, RM1017, abcam, 1:200 dilution) and anti-F4/80 antibody (ab300421, EPR26545-166, abcam, 1:10,000 dilution) at 37 °C for 1 h. After that, sections were washed five times and then incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody (PV-6001, ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) for 20 min at RT. Finally, the tissue sections were counterstained with DAPI (C1005, Beyotime) for nuclei visualization. Images were acquired using a scanister (Tissue Gnostics, Austria). To allow comparison between groups, fluorescence intensity was measured using ImageJ software.
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6

Protein Expression Quantification Assay

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The assay was performed as published21 (link) using Sigma Aldrich kit (Cat # DUO 92004-30-RXN). Antibodies used for detection were diluted in PBS; ASS1 (1:200, #ab170952, abcam), citrin (1:100, #H00010165-M01, clone # 4F4, abnova) and anti-CAD (1:100, ab40800, abcam).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Urea Cycle Enzymes

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Tissues and tumor samples were grounded in liquid nitrogen, lysed in Tris lysis buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% NP40, 5 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol), separated on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred on PVDF membrane (Millipore). Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 1 hour and probed overnight at 4˚C with antibodies against ASS1 (1:1,000, Ab170952, Abcam), ASL (1:500, sc-374353, Santa Cruz), OTC (1:500, sc-515791, Santa Cruz), ARG1 (1:500, sc-271430, Santa Cruz), ATG7 (1:2,000, A2856, Sigma), transferrin (1:1,000, sc-22597, Santa Cruz), ATG5 (1:1,500, Ab108327, Abcam) and β-actin (1:5,000, A1978, Sigma). Immunoreactive bands were detected using peroxidase-conjugated antibody (GE Healthcare) and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents (NEL105001EA, Perkin Elmer) and were analyzed using the ChemiDoc XRS+ system (Biorad). Protein levels were quantified using the Image Lab v6.0.1 software. Antibodies were validated with the use of positive and negative control following manufacturer’s protocol.
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8

Protein Expression Quantification Assay

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The assay was performed as published21 (link) using Sigma Aldrich kit (Cat # DUO 92004-30-RXN). Antibodies used for detection were diluted in PBS; ASS1 (1:200, #ab170952, abcam), citrin (1:100, #H00010165-M01, clone # 4F4, abnova) and anti-CAD (1:100, ab40800, abcam).
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