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22 protocols using gtx135357

1

Histopathology and SARS-CoV-2 Detection in NHP Lungs

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As previously described 36 , NHP lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for routine histopathology and a rabbit polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 (GeneTex, GTX135357) for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen. All samples were evaluated by a boarded-certified veterinary pathologist.
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2

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Detection in Vero-TMPRSS2

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For viral nucleocapsid detection in Vero-TMPRSS2 cells by immunofluorescence, cells were washed twice with PBS ×1 and fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 30 min at RT. Fixed cells were washed with PBS ×1 and permeabilized for immunofluorescence using BD Cytofix/Cytoperm according to the manufacturer’s protocol for fixed cells, and then stained for SARS-CoV-2 with a primary nucleocapsid antibody (1 µg/mL) (GeneTex GTX135357) and a secondary anti-rabbit AF594 antibody (ThermoFisher, A11037), The nuclei were counterstained with 1 µM Sytox Green. Infected cells from whole well scans were identified using the Incucyte S3 (Sartorius). Data were logged from the Incucyte analysis modules and graphed with GraphPad Prism 8.
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3

SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Activity Assay

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For Vero E6 and HeLa/ACE2, 1,000 cells were seeded per well, and for Calu-3, 3,000 cells/well. The plates were incubated for 2 h in the incubator at 37°C, 5% CO2. SARS-CoV-2 was added to the plate wells in a multiplicity of infection (MoI) of 1 in a final volume of 25 μL. The plates were again incubated for 24 h at 37°C and 5% CO2, followed by the addition of 25 μl/well of 8% paraformaldehyde solution. Cells were fixed by incubation at room temperature for 30 min. The content was then aspirated and the wells incubated with 1:1,000 dilution of the Rabbit IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 capsid (Genetex, GTX135357) for 1 h and washed. Rabbitt IgG coupled with AlexaFluor488 diluted 1:200 was added to the wells and incubated for at least 2 h. To calculate the antiviral activity, the average infection ratio from the untreated controls (0.1% DMSO) were normalized as 0% antiviral activity. The average infection ratio from the uninfected controls (no SARS-CoV-2) were normalized to 100% antiviral activity. A linear regression was applied to calculate the antiviral activity of each well related to the normalized controls. Serial dilution tests were performed to assess the antiviral effect and potency (IC50) of K777 in the three cell lines.
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4

Histopathological Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Lung Tissues

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Histopathology and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen were performed as previously described (15 (link), 24 (link), 38 (link)). Briefly, lung tissue sections were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for pathological analysis and with a rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibody in immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining the presence of virus antigen. The polyclonal antibody (GeneTex, GTX135357) was used at a dilution of 1:2000. The tissue sections used for gross histology examination include the left cranial lobe (Lc), right middle lobe (Rmid), and right caudal lobe (Rc). The extent and severity of alveolar inflammation were characterized by the criteria the number of lung lobes affected, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar septal thickening, fibrosis, perivascular cuffing, peribronchiolar hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, and hyaline membrane formation. Each lung lobe was assessed individually for animals with multiple affected lung lobes, and then the scores were by presence and absence of signs for inflammation and virus antigen. Tissue sections were analyzed by a blinded board-certified veterinary pathologist using an Olympus BX43 light microscope. Photomicrographs were taken on an Olympus DP27 camera.
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5

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Challenge Histopathology

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Routine histopathology and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen via immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed as previously described (Corbett et al., 2020 (link); Gagne et al., 2022 (link)). Briefly, 8 days following Omicron challenge, animals were euthanized and lung tissue was processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for pathological analysis or with a rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibody (GeneTex, GTX135357) at a dilution of 1:2000 for IHC. Tissue sections were analyzed by a blinded board-certified veterinary pathologist using an Olympus BX43 light microscope. Photomicrographs were taken on an Olympus DP27 camera.
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6

Histopathological Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Mice

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Mouse lungs were collected, fixed with zinc formalin at least 24 h at room temperature, transferred to 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and sectioned into 4 μm slices. Some slides were H&E stained using a Leica ST5020 autostainer, and digitized on a Zeiss AxioScan Z1 with a 40 × 0.95 NA objective. A board-certified veterinary pathologist performed a blind histopathology evaluation. Sections were scored from 0 to 5 for 10 criteria for SARS-CoV-2-induced histological features, as seen in hamsters, macaques and COVID-19 patients, including necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelial cells (BEC), bronchointerstitial pneumonia, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and cellular debris in bronchi.32 (link) Other sections were immunolabeled with anti-SARS CoV-2 N protein and counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 62249; 1:1000). Immunolabeling used rabbit polyclonal antibody (Genetex, GTX135357, AB2868464) and AlexaFluorPlus 647 (AF647) goat anti-rabbit secondary (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A32733, RRID: AB2633282). Slides were imaged with a Zeiss AxioscanZ.1 slide scanner (20x [0.8] dry objective), and images analyzed with QuPath.65
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7

SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Immunohistochemistry

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Staining for SARS-CoV-2 antigen was achieved on the Bond RX automated system with the Polymer Define Detection System (Leica) used per manufacturer’s protocol. Tissue sections were dewaxed with Bond Dewaxing Solution (Leica) at 72°C for 30 min then subsequently rehydrated with graded alcohol washes and 1x Immuno Wash (StatLab). Heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) was performed using Epitope Retrieval Solution 1 (Leica), heated to 100°C for 20 minutes. A peroxide block (Leica) was applied for 5 min to quench endogenous peroxidase activity prior to applying the SARS-CoV-2 antibody (1:2000, GeneTex, GTX135357). Antibodies were diluted in Background Reducing Antibody Diluent (Agilent). The tissue was subsequently incubated with an anti-rabbit HRP polymer (Leica) and colorized with 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen for 10 min. Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin.
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8

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay

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The day before infection, Vero E6/Huh-7.5 cells were seeded at 1 × 104 cells per well into 96-well plates. Antibodies were serially diluted in DMEM, mixed with target cells and incubated for 60 min at 37 °C. Subsequently a constant amount of SARS-CoV-2 was added to achieve 40–50% virus-positive cells. Cells were fixed 18–24 h after infection by adding an equal volume of 7% formaldehyde to the wells, followed by permeabilization with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min. After extensive washing, cells were incubated for 1–2 h at room temperature with blocking solution of 5% goat serum in PBS (005-000-121; Jackson ImmunoResearch). A rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody (GTX135357; GeneTex) was added to the cells at 1:1,000 dilution in blocking solution and incubated at 4 °C overnight. A goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 (A-11012; Life Technologies) at a dilution of 1:2,500 was used as a secondary antibody. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (62249; Thermo Scientific) at a concentration of 1 μg ml−1. Images were acquired with a fluorescence microscope and analysed using ImageXpress Micro XLS and MetaXpress software (Molecular Devices).
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9

Histological Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hamster Lungs

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Lung tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h, and paraffin sections (4 μm in thickness) were applied following the routine operating procedure. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome stains (Masson) were used to identify histopathological changes in hamster lungs. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the NP using a rabbit polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 (GeneTex, GTX135357) at a dilution of 1:1,000. To observe the overview of whole lung lobe sections, all slides were scanned using a slide scanner.
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10

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Inhibition Assay

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SARS-CoV-2 isolate USA-WA1/2020 (BEI Resources, #NR-52281) was propagated on Caco-2 cells and infectious units quantified by focus forming assay using TMPRSS2-Vero cells. Cells in 96-well plates were treated with increasing concentrations of NSC80997 for 24 h and infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 18 h at 37 °C in media containing dilutions of NSC80997. Multiplicities of infection (MOI) used were 1 for Caco-2 and Huh7.5 and 0.5 for TMPRSS2-Vero. The cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temp and then washed with PBS. Cells were permeabilized with PBS, 1% BSA, 0.1% Triton-X-100 and stained with anti-Nucleocapsid antibody (GeneTex GTX135357) followed by AlexaFluor 594 secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Sytox Green (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as a nuclear counterstain. Images of 5 fields per well were acquired at 10x magnification in the Incucyte S3 (Sartorius), and images were analyzed for nuclei count and percent infection using the software tools onboard the Incucyte. Percent infection and cell viability were normalized to DMSO-treated infected wells. All work with SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in Biosafety Level-3 conditions at the University of California San Diego following the guidelines approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee.
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