Potassium chloride (kcl)

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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KCl is a chemical compound consisting of potassium (K) and chloride (Cl) ions. It is a colorless, odorless, and crystalline solid commonly used in various laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

313 protocols using potassium chloride (kcl)

Characterization of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery

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Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS), L-glutamine 200 mM, non-essential amino acids (NEAA), penicillin/streptomycin and trypsin-EDTA solution were obtained from PAA Laboratories (Austria); fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Labtech Intl Ltd. East Essex, UK); polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), polyethylene glycol 12000 (PEG12000), chitosan-medium molecular weight (CS), sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, acetonitrile, orthophosphoric acid, acetic acid, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride and sodium chloride were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK); gentamycin, (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT, Trypan blue dye, Pluronic ® F127 (P127), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), amantadine hydrochloride (AMT), sodium metabisulphate, mucin from porcine stomach, boric acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and benzalkonium chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Lungare S., Bowen J, & Badhan R. (2016). Development and Evaluation of a Novel Intranasal Spray for the Delivery of Amantadine. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 105(3).

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Preparation of Buffers and Cell Culture Media

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Buffer solutions were prepared in nanopure water as follows. 10x PBS contained 1370 mM NaCl, 27 mM KCl, 80 mM Na₂HPO₄, and 20 mM KH₂PO₄ (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). 10x Citrate buffer contained 100 mM sodium citrate dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1370 mM NaCl, and 27 mM KCl (Thermo). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplement was added at 13.4 g/L and Rosewell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) supplement was added at 10.4 g/L, according to manufacturer’s instructions. 2 mM triethanolamine (TEOA) was prepared in 1x PBS at pH 7.4. The pH was measured using an Orion Star A111 pH meter (Thermo) and adjusted with 1 M NaOH or HCl after the addition of all chemicals and/or supplements.

Jansen L.E., Negrón-Piñeiro L.J., Galarza S, & Peyton S.R. (2018). Control of Thiol-Maleimide Reaction Kinetics in PEG Hydrogel Networks. Acta biomaterialia, 70, 120-128.

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Acute Brain Slice Preparation

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Rats were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane (Kent Scientific) and euthanized by decapitation. The brain was rapidly dissected and glued on a platform submerged in an ice-cold oxygenated (95% O₂/5% CO₂) cutting solution containing (in mM): 206 sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.25 NaH₂PO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 26 NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 KCl (Fisher Chemical), 0.4 sodium ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 MgSO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 MgCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich). A mid-sagittal cut was made to divide the two hemispheres, and coronal brain slices (300 μm) were cut using a vibrating blade microtome (Leica VT1200). The brain slices were transferred to a holding chamber with oxygenated artificial CSF (ACSF) containing (in mM): 119 NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5 KCl (Fisher Chemical), 1 NaH₂PO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 26.2 NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), 11 D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 sodium ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.3 MgSO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), and 2.5 CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich; ∼295 mOsm, pH 7.2–7.3) at 37°C for 20 min and then room temperature for at least 40 min of rest. The slices were kept submerged in oxygenated ACSF in a holding chamber at room temperature for up to 7–8 h after slicing.

Maria-Rios C.E., Murphy G.G, & Morrow J.D. (2023). Subregional Differences in Medium Spiny Neuron Intrinsic Excitability Properties between Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell in Male Rats. eNeuro, 10(5), ENEURO.0432-22.2023.

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Nanoparticle Characterization in Electrolyte Solutions

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KCl solutions ranging from 0.1 mM to 2 M were prepared by dissolving KCl (Fisher Scientific) into pure water (Mini Q, Direct-Q3, 18.2 MΩ•cm, pH 6.5). Triton X-100 (0.1% (v/v))
was applied in all the solutions to avoid aggregation of nanoparticles. Acidic and alkaline solutions (0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M KOH) were used to adjust the pH value of the KCl solutions.
Particles of 5 (PS05N) 1 (PS04N), 500 nm (PS02N) and 220 nm (FC02F) in diameter were bought from Bangs Laboratories (10% solids, w/v), and polystyrene particles of 140 nm (G140) and 83 nm (G85B) in diameter were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (1% solids, w/v). Before each testing, the particles were diluted in a specific electrolyte solution by 1000 times. The sample solutions were initially dispersed by using a vortex mixer for 30 s and further mixed by using an ultrasonic mixer (Fisher Scientific) for at least 2 minutes. For each electrolyte solution, the conductivity and the pH value were measured for at least 3 times (Omega PHH- nm, 220 nm and 140 nm particles were also measured by dynamic laser scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano ZS90, Malvern).

Peng R, & Li D. (2018). Particle detection on microfluidic chips by differential resistive pulse sensing (RPS) method. Talanta, 184.

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Quantification of Small Molecule Analytes

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Mycophenolic acid, meloxicam, and celecoxib, as well as their deuterated forms (mycophenolic acid-d₃, meloxicam-d₃, and celecoxib-d₄), were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). D01-4582 was synthesized and generously provided by the Daiichi Sankyo Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (Tokyo, Japan). Chemical structures of each analyte and its deuterated form are included in Fig. 1. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–grade methanol and acetonitrile (ACN) were from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Milli‐Q water of at least 18 MΩ resistance was used to prepare the mobile phase. Potassium phosphate monobasic (99%) was from Fisher Chemical (Fair Lawn, NJ). Sodium chloride (99%) and potassium chloride (99%) were from Fisher Bioreagents (Fair Lawn, NJ). Sodium phosphate dibasic and formic acid (88%) were from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, PA).

Costa A.P., Court M.H., Burke N.S., Zhu Z., Mealey K.L, & Villarino N.F. (2019). Canine Albumin Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Drug Plasma Protein Binding. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 47(10), 1024-1031.

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Analytical Standards for Anthocyanins

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Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride analytical standard (≥95%), Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium acetate trihydrate (≥99.0%), and gallic acid (97.5–102.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium hydroxide (Optima), sodium carbonate anhydrous (certified ACS powder), potassium chloride (certified ACS crystalline), hydrochloric acid (Optima), water (HPLC-grade), formic acid (HPLC-grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC-grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid (99%) used for acidifying solid phase extraction (SPE) mobile phase, was purchased from Acros Organics (NJ, USA).

Johnson M.C., Thomas A.L, & Greenlief C.M. (2015). Impact of Frozen Storage on the Anthocyanin and Polyphenol Content of American Elderberry Fruit Juice. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 63(23), 5653-5659.

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Electrochemiluminescence Assay Protocol

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Potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆), tripropylamine (TPrA), and tris(2,2’-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate (Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂·6H₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri). Potassium chloride was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, New Jersey). All chemicals were used as received. Deionized water (>18 MΩ·cm) obtained from a Barnstead Nanopure water purification system was used for all aqueous solutions. All solutions of Fe(CN)₆³⁻ were prepared in 1 M KCl. The ECL solution, which consisted of 5 mM Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and 25 mM TPrA, was prepared in 0.1 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer.

Oja S.M, & Zhang B. (2015). Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Reporting on Closed Bipolar Microelectrodes and the Influence of Electrode Size. ChemElectroChem, 3(3), 457-464.

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Inhibiting Protein Translation and NLRP3 Activation

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Cycloheximide (CHX; Chem Service, West Chester, PA), a protein
translation inhibitor, and MCC950 (Adipogen, San Diego, CA), a small molecule
that selectively inhibits NLRP3, were resuspended in deionized water. Monocytes
were pre-treated with twice the final concentration of CHX or MCC950, or with
the equivalent volume of deionized water, for 30 min to one hour and then
infected or stimulated as described above at a final concentration of 5
μg/ml CHX or 5 μM MCC950. To block potassium efflux, potassium
chloride (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) was added to the cultures at 15 min
post-infection or post-stimulation at a final concentration of 50 mM.

Gov L., Schneider C.A., Lima T.S., Pandori W, & Lodoen M.B. (2017). NLRP3 and potassium efflux drive rapid IL-1β release from primary human monocytes during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 199(8), 2855-2864.

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Analytical Chemistry Reagents Protocol

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LC-MS-grade methanol, formic acid, water, acetonitrile, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium sulfate were from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Calcium nitrite, cysteine, Trizma hydrochloride, and Trizma base were from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Acetylcholine and amino acid standards were purchased at reagent grade or higher purity from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ).

Onjiko R.M., Portero E.P., Moody S.A, & Nemes P. (2017). In Situ Microprobe Single-Cell Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry: Metabolic Reorganization in Single Differentiating Cells in the Live Vertebrate (Xenopus laevis) Embryo. Analytical chemistry, 89(13), 7069-7076.

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Nanopipette Nanoprobe Calibration

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4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA, 99 %) and (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, >98 %), sodium chloride (NaCl, >99 %), potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) powder (for pH 7.3−7.5), potassium chloride, absolute ethanol (200 proof), and reagent alcohol (histology grade), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ~37 %) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Citrate protected 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colloid was purchased from Ted Pella, Inc.. All the aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized (DI) water (~18 M ohm, Ultra Purelab system, ELGA/Siemens).
The batch solution pH ranging from 4.3 to 10.1 for nanopipette nanoprobe calibration was obtained by adding HCl or NaOH. The pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 was obtained by changing the volume ratio of the K₂HPO₄ and KH₂PO₄, as shown in table ESI9, ESI†. The pH values were measured by using a pH meter (SympHony SR60IC, VWR International).

Guo J., Rubfiaro A.S., Lai Y., Moscoso J., Chen F., Liu Y., Wang X, & He J. (2020). The Dynamic Single-Cell Intracellular pH Sensing by a SERS-Active Nanopipette. The Analyst, 145(14), 4852-4859.

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