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34 protocols using uv 2500

1

Determination of Reducing Sugar Ends

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The reducing-sugar-ends content was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [28 (link)] with minor modifications. In brief, 2 mL of sample was mixed with 1.5 mL of modified DNS reagent, which consisted of 1% DNS, 0.2% phenol, 0.5% sodium sulfite and 1% sodium hydroxide. The mixture then was heated for 5 min at 100 °C. Prior to cooling, roselle salt solution (1 mL, 40%) was added to the mixture for color development. Finally, the samples were subjected to UV/Vis spectrophotometry (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at the wavelength of 540 nm. Calibration curves were established on the basis of different galacturonic acid concentrations.
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2

Comprehensive Characterization of Samples

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The Crystal Structure of the sample was determined by a Bruker 8-Advance X-ray diffractometer at 2θ = 10° to 80° under the following conditions: Cu Ka = 0.15406 nm, 40 kV, 40 mA, 5°/min. The absorption peaks in the wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm−1 were measured by FT-IR spectrometer (NiCOLETIS5). The XPS spectra of the samples were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TFSK-250XI) at the vacuum of 5 × 10−10 Pa. The charge correction is carried out with C 1s = 284.8 eV as the energy standard. The UV–Vis DRS of the samples were measured by ultraviolet–visible Spectrometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Japan), with Barium Sulfate as reference. The morphology of the samples was tested by FE-SEM (MX2600FE, U.K.) and TEM (JEM2100F, Japan). The DLS and zeta potential of the samples were measured, and the particle size and potential were obtained. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the samples were measured using a particular surface area and pore size analyzer (V-SorbX800) at 77 K. The magnetic properties of the samples were analyzed by VSM (EV-9 Hitachi, Japan).
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3

Quantifying Chlorophyll Content in Fresh Samples

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Chlorophyll content was analyzed as previously described35 (link). Fresh samples (1 g fresh weight (FW)) were ground, extracted with 15 ml 80% acetone and centrifuged at 3000 rpm at room temperature for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and total chlorophyll content was measured by reading the absorbance at 652 nm with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). The chlorophyll content was expressed as mg 100 g−1 FW.
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4

Photocatalytic Oxidation of Acid Red B

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In this work, we evaluated the photocatalytic oxidation properties of the resultant TiO2 photocatalyst samples by photodegradation experiments of Acid Red B (50 mg L−1, pH = 3). A 350 W UV-light lamp (illumination intensity: 5260 μW cm−2) was positioned within the central part of the photoreactor and cooling water was circulated through a pyrex jacket surrounding the photoreactor. An UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to determine the absorbance of oxidation products.
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5

DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay

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We modified this assay slightly according to the method used by Tang et al. [21 (link)]. We added 2 mL of the sample solutions to the 2 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH% ethanol solution. The reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min on a shaker at room temperature in a dark place. The absorbance of the reaction solution was recorded at 517 nm, using a UV spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Shanghai, China). The DPPH scavenging activity (%) was calculated using Equation (3), as follows: DPPH scavenging activity (%)=(A0Ai)A0×100%
where A0 is the absorbance of the DPPH solution after reacting with deionized water, and Ai is the absorbance of the DPPH solution after reacting with the sample.
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6

Photocatalytic Dye Degradation by TiO2

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In this work, the photocatalytic properties of the resultant anatase TiO2 crystal samples were evaluated by photodegradation experiments of three types of dye (50 mg L−1, pH = 3): acid red B (azo), methylene blue (thiazines) and rhodamine B (anthraquinones). A 350 W UV-light lamp was positioned within the central part of the photoreactor and cooling water was circulated through a Pyrex jacket surrounding the photoreactor. A UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to determine the absorbance of the oxidation products. In order to evaluate the degradation efficiency more effectively, we also studied the removal efficiency of CODCr. CODCr was determined by the potassium dichromate method.
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7

Physicochemical Characterization of DNA-Modified Nanoparticles

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The hydrodynamic size, Zeta potential, and morphology were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern UK) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Hitachi H-600, Japan). The absorbance of different nanoparticles was determined using a UV‒vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2500). The fluorescence intensity of the nanoparticles was confirmed by a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Biotek Cytation 3, USA).
Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to verify that the DNA strands were successfully modified on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The samples were separated by electrophoresis on a 1.0% agarose gel (1.0% agarose powder, TBE buffer containing 12.5 mM MgAc2) at 100 V for 60 min. Then, the photos of agarose gels were obtained under a light-transmitting whiteboard.
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8

Turbidity Analysis of β-Lg-GA Solutions

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The turbidity of β-Lg−GA mixed solutions was determined by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu, Tyoto, Japan) at the wavelength of 600 nm (OD 600 nm) under the conditions of different pH values (1.6–7.0), NaCl concentrations (0–50 mmol/L), β-Lg/GA ratios (w:w, from 1:3 to 3:1) and temperatures (30–50 °C). Turbidity was calculated according to the following Equation (1):

where T represents turbidity. I/I0 is the ratio of the intensity of the emergent and incident light. Measurements were carried out in triplicate.
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9

Betacyanin Extraction and Quantification

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Betacyanin extraction was carried out by mixing 0.05 g of pectin powder into 2 mL of 80% aqueous MeOH acidified with 5% formic acid (v/v) under stirring for 2 h at 200 rpm [38 (link)]. Thereafter, a clear supernatant was obtained by centrifugation (10 min at 4000 rpm), and the absorbance was measured at 536 nm using a UV spectrophotometer (UV-2500, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The betacyanin concentration (BC) (mg/L) in the pectin extracts was quantified by the following Equation (6) [39 (link)]
BC=(A×Df×Mw×1000)/(E%×L)
where E% is the betalain’s extinction coefficient, A is the absorbance at 536 nm, Df is the dilution factor, Mw is the molecular weights of betacyanin, and L is the pathlength of the (1 cm) cuvette.
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10

UV-Vis Analysis of Ag-Chi Spheres

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In the UV–Vis spectral analysis, the silver nanoparticles solution was prepared by adding 20 μL CH3COOH solution and 1 mL dd-H2O to 10 silver nanoparticles–chitosan composite spheres (Ag-chi-spheres), and then vortexed for 3–5 min. The absorption of AgNPs-Chi-spheres was observed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV 2500, Shimadzu Suzhou Instruments Mfg. Co, Ltd, 145 Huashan Road, New District Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China) at a wavelength of 300 to 700 nm.
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