chondrocytes. For embryonic bones, E15.5 radius and ulna were dissected free from
connective tissue. The bones were then placed into RNA stabilization reagent (Qiagen,
Mississauga, ON, Canada) and passed through a series of syringes with 21G, 23G and 25G
needles (BD Biosciences, Mississauga, ON, Canada) to break the tissues. The RNA in the
homogenate was purified with RNeasy Micro Kit according to the manufacturer’s
instructions (Qiagen, Mississauga, ON, Canada). For primary chondrocytes, RNA was isolated
using TRIzol reagent, then reverse-transcribed by oligo (dT) and Superscript II reverse
transcriptase (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada). Quantitative real-time PCR was
performed using a Rotor-Gene 3000 instrument and data were analyzed using the Rotor-Gene
6.0.19 software (Montreal Biotech, Dorval, QC, Canada). Cyclophilin mRNA was used to
normalize gene expression. The primers (
(Coralville, IA, USA).