5 5 dimethyl 1 pyrroline 1 oxide

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCh), 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO), invertase (INV) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was obtained from Shanghai Dibai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Dihydroethidium (DHE), glucose oxidase (GOx), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), laccase (LAC), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 2-nitroterephthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and 2-aminoterephthalic acid were from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. Paraoxon-ethyl and other pesticides were from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). All the chemical reagents obtained were of analytical reagent grade.

Sodium arsenite (Na₂AsO₂, CAS:7784-46-5), apocynin, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO), and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Both 5-(and -6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (DCFDA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Curcumin, luteolin, genistein, and butein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Shikonin, wogonin, plumbagin, bis(2-hydroxybenzal) acetone, phenethyl isothiocyanate, rutin, and piperlongumine were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Plasmid DNA encoding human catalase and SOD2 and catalase shRNA were purchased from Origene (Rockville, MD). Antibody against SOD2 was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). Antibodies against catalase (#14097), AKT(#9272), pAKT^Ser473(#9271), PI3K(#4257), p-PI3K(#4228), C-PARP(#5625), C-Caspase-3(#9664), Bcl-2(#3498), and wortmannin were purchased from Cell Signaling Tech (Danvers, MA).