Optima 4300dv spectrometer

In order to assess copper transfer from experimental paints to water, five 50 L tanks containing: tank 1: pond water, tank 2: pond water + untreated netting, tank 3: pond water + C1 netting, tank 4: pond water + C2 netting and tank 5: pond water + C3 netting were kept and agitated regularly for the same period of time that the experiment lasted. Afterwards, copper content in the water was determined. Water samples were acidified with HNO3 (Merck Suprapur, Darmstadt, Germany) to reach a final sample medium HNO₃ 1% (v/v). Copper determination was performed with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in a PerkinElmer (USA)–Optima 4300DV spectrometer. For the analysis on tissues, a pool of samples from nine animals at the beginning of the trial (to obtain initial values) and twenty-seven animals, (3 animals per cage, 9 animals per condition) at the end of the experiment were taken. Fish were sacrificed with 200 mg·L⁻¹ MS222, dissected, and the liver, gills, and a portion of dorsolateral muscle were removed and stored at −80 °C. For the analyses, 0.2–0.6 g of each sample was digested in a microwave oven (Milestone, Ultrawave, Italy) in concentrated HNO₃ (Merck, Germany). Copper determination was performed using an ICP-MS spectrometer (Agilent 7500ce, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA).

In order to ascertain the concentration that would be available to the cells, the amount of dissolved Zn²⁺ ions was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). For this purpose, Np dilutions were prepared in 96 well U plates to obtain combinations of 60 µg/mL ZnO Nps with 50 and 800 µg/mL of Al₂O₃, CeO₂, TiO₂ and Y₂O₃ Nps.
As in the previous experiment, a density of 6 × 10⁴ Jurkat cells per well was seeded and, after 24 h of incubation, the Nps were added; the cells were incubated for a further 24 h. ZnO Nps in culture medium and medium free of Nps were also tested. The plate content was subsequently collected in Eppendorf tubes, which were centrifuged at 13,200 rpm, 5 min, 4 °C and the supernatant was collected in clean tubes. The amount of Zn²⁺ present in the supernatant was determined in two independent experiments in duplicate by ICP-OES at CACTI (University of Vigo, Spain) using a Perkin-Elmer Optima 4300 DV Spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) with indium as internal standard.

The morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM, JOEL 7100F) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Titan G2 60-300). The synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction was carried out at Beamline 13-BM-C of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, and the wavelength was 0.434 Å. In situ synchrotron high-energy XRD during the first sodiation process was carried out at 11-ID-C beamline of the APS, while the wavelength was 0.11725 Å. A custom-designed coin cell with a MACCOR cycler was discharged from OCV to 0.8 V at a specific current of 0.1 A g⁻¹. The XRD patterns were collected every 10 min using a PerkinElmer 2D X-ray detector, during cell operating. The nitrogen absorption/desorption measurements were taken on a Tristar-II 3020 instrument at 77 K. The atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurement was characterized by using Bruker MultiMode 8 Atomic Force Microscope. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) test was performed on the PerkinElmer Optima 4300DV spectrometer.