Discovery a densitometer

Manufactured by Hologic

Sourced in United States, Germany

The Discovery A densitometer is a lab equipment product designed to measure the bone mineral density of patients. It functions by using X-ray technology to assess the bone density, providing valuable data for medical professionals.

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27 protocols using discovery a densitometer

Anthropometric Measurements and Bone Density

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Body weight was measured using a digital balance (model BWB-627-A; Tanita Corporation) to
the nearest 0·1 kg, and standing height was measured using a stadiometer (Institute of
Fundamental Sciences, Engineering Services Workshop, Massey University) to the nearest
0·1 cm. Bone mineral density of the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured
using a Hologic Discovery A densitometer.

Kruger M.C., von Hurst P.R., Booth C.L., Kuhn-Sherlock B., Todd J.M, & Schollum L.M. (2014). Postprandial metabolic responses of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and C-telopeptide of type I collagen to three doses of calcium delivered in milk. Journal of Nutritional Science, 3, e6.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Bone Health

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Bone health was measured by pQCT (XCT 2000; Stratec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany) and DXA (Discovery A densitometer; Hologic, Bedford, MA). Quality assurance of both devices was checked and if needed calibrated before each measuring day according to manufacturers' guidelines. Volumetric BMD, bone mass and bone geometry were measured using pQCT at the distal epiphysis (4%) and diaphysis (66%) of the tibia in the nondominant lower leg.²⁰ Bone outcome parameters were defined a priori by experts and were total and trabecular volumetric BMD at 4% of tibia length, cortical volumetric BMD, total cortical cross‐sectional area and strength‐strain index at 66% tibia length. Outcomes by DXA included femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine areal BMD by age and gender matched z‐scores.²³ Supplemental Appendix 1 provides the rationale for some changes in the bone outcome parameters from the ones preregistered in the clinical trials registry.

Jung R., Zürcher S.J., Schindera C., Eser P., Meier C., Schai A., Braun J., Deng W.H., Hebestreit H., Neuhaus C., Schaeff J., Rueegg C.S., von der Weid N.X, & Kriemler S. (2022). Effect of a physical activity intervention on lower body bone health in childhood cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial (SURfit). International Journal of Cancer, 152(2), 162-171.

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Infant Whole-Body Bone Mineral Content and Fat Mass Measurement

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Hologic QDR 4500, upgraded to Discovery A densitometer (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) was used to quantify bone mineral content (BMC, kg) and FM (kg). Scans were performed using the infant whole-body procedures until age 2 y and the whole-body procedures thereafter (Hologic QDR software version 12.3). Infants were scanned while asleep on a receiving blanket wearing a diaper only. Older children wore a hospital gown and were instructed to lie in the supine position without moving during the length of the scanning process. Scans were aborted and repeated if movement occurred. Scans with detectable movement were marked invalid and not included in the analyses. Quality control measures were performed daily according to the manufacturer recommendations.

Heard-Lipsmeyer M.E., Hull H., Sims C.R., Cleves M.A, & Andres A. (2020). Evaluating body composition in infancy and childhood: a comparison between 4C, QMR, DXA and ADP. Pediatric obesity, 15(6), e12617.

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Baseline Bone Mineral Density Assessment

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We evaluated BMD of the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and the femoral neck at baseline using Hologic Discovery A Densitometer and all the scans were analyzed using software version 12.6 (Bedford, MA, USA). All BMD measurements performed up to 4 weeks prior to the first IVMP pulse were considered the baseline results and subsequently analyzed by the same physician. In postmenopausal women and men over 50, osteoporosis and osteopenia were diagnosed with a T-score of the lumbar spine and/or the femoral neck ≤ −2.5 standard deviation (SD) and between <−1.0 and >−2.5 SD, respectively.

Rymuza J., Gutowska K., Kurpios-Piec D., Struga M, & Miśkiewicz P. (2022). Decrease in Bone Formation and Bone Resorption during Intravenous Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy in Patients with Graves’ Orbitopathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 5005.

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Assessing Sarcopenia through DXA Measurements

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Whole body composition, including lean soft tissue mass (lean mass) and fat mass, was measured at baseline using DXA (Hologic Discovery A densitometer) as per standard procedures.²⁷ ALM (kg), composed of at least 95% skeletal muscle, was computed as the sum of the upper and lower limbs lean mass and ALM index (ALMI) calculated by dividing ALM by height squared (m²). The Canadian cut points for low ALMI^{3 (link)} that define sarcopenia were applied: less than 7.30 kg/m² for male individuals, and less than 5.42 kg/m² for female individuals. Body fat percentage was calculated as fat mass (kg) divided by total body weight (kg) multiplied by 100. In the CLSA, DXA contraindications were weight exceeding 204 kg, height exceeding 1.88 m, and exposition to an x-ray with contrast material or participation in a nuclear medicine study within the past 7 days (for accuracy of the measurements). Each DXA body weight was ascertained from weight measured by a scale and only participants with weight agreement were included in analyses.^{3 (link)}

Tessier A.J., Wing S.S., Rahme E., Morais J.A, & Chevalier S. (2022). Association of Low Muscle Mass With Cognitive Function During a 3-Year Follow-up Among Adults Aged 65 to 86 Years in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. JAMA Network Open, 5(7), e2219926.

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Liver Fat Quantification Using MRI

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The MRI scanners Siemens TIM Trio at UH and General Electric HDx at USC, both with a 3‐tesla magnetic field strength, were used to quantify liver fat. The MRI protocol assessed four abdominal intervertebral segments of the intra‐abdominal cavity (L1‐L2, L2‐L3, L3‐L4, L4‐L5) and did not include the intrathoracic or intrapelvic cavity. Percent liver fat was estimated from a series of axial triple gradient‐echo Dixon‐type scans (10‐mm slices, no gap; echo time, 2.4, 3.7, and 5.0 milliseconds; repetition time, 160 milliseconds; 25‐degree flip angle) by analyzing in‐phase, out‐of‐phase, and in‐phase signals in a circular region of interest (ROI; 20 cm²) in the lateral right lobe of the liver that was manually selected to avoid intrahepatic vessels and bile ducts.⁽¹⁹⁾ Additional details regarding the protocol can be found in Lim et al.⁽¹⁶⁾ We selected two ROIs for each participant and repeat scanned each ROI, the average of which was used for the estimation of liver fat. NAFLD was defined as percent liver fat of 5.5% or greater excluding subjects with excessive alcohol consumption defined as >30 g/day of alcohol in men and >20 g/day of alcohol in women in the past year.⁽²⁰⁾ Body fat distribution was determined by a whole‐body DXA scan (Hologic Discovery A densitometer; Bedford, MA). Total fat mass (kg) was estimated for the whole body, as described.⁽²¹⁾

Park S.L., Li Y., Sheng X., Hom V., Xia L., Zhao K., Pooler L., Setiawan V.W., Lim U., Monroe K.R., Wilkens L.R., Kristal B.S., Lampe J.W., Hullar M., Shepherd J., Loo L.L., Ernst T., Franke A.A., Tiirikainen M., Haiman C.A., Stram D.O., Le Marchand L, & Cheng I. (2020). Genome‐Wide Association Study of Liver Fat: The Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. Hepatology Communications, 4(8), 1112-1123.

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Assessing Body Composition with DEXA

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Participants' total body weight (kg), body fat percentage (%), and lean body mass (kg) were assessed using whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Discovery-A Densitometer, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). Trained technicians calibrated the system prior to each assessment, and built-in software was used to analyze the data (v.12.6.1:3, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA).

Chaves A.R., Devasahayam A.J., Riemenschneider M., Pretty R.W, & Ploughman M. (2020). Walking Training Enhances Corticospinal Excitability in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis—A Pilot Study. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 422.

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Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition

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Height (cm) was measured with a Harpenden stadiometer (Holtain, Limited, Crosswell, UK) and weight (kg) was measured using the Healthometer ProPlus scale, (Welch Allyn, Inc., Skaneateles Falls, NY). Body fat percentage of each child was determined by DEXA and recorded. All whole body DEXA scans were done by the same technologist on a Hologic Discovery A densitometer (Bedford, MA, USA). Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation for the hip and spine phantoms were 1% or less.

Stukes T.M., Shary J.R., Wei W., Ebeling M.D., Dezsi K.B., Shary F.S., Forestieri N.E., Hollis B.W, & Wagner C.L. (2016). Circulating Cathelicidin Concentrations in a Cohort of Healthy Children: Influence of Age, Body Composition, Gender and Vitamin D Status. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0152711.

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Bone Mineral Density Assessment Protocol

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BMD, T-score, and the Z-score of the lumbar spine 2–4, femoral neck (right), and total hip (both sides) were collected from DXA reports (Hologic Discovery A densitometer, Badford, MA, USA) after blood samples had been taken. In our study, the diagnosis based on the results of BMD is the outcome variable. According to the World Health Organization [19 ], the definition of the T-score and the Z-score generates the results of BMD. A T-score ≥ − 1.0, between − 1.0 and − 2.5, and ≤ − 2.5 represent the expected condition, osteopenia, and osteoporosis, respectively, as a diagnosis standard for men aged and over 50 and postmenopausal women. Meanwhile, the Z-score is used for premenopausal women and males aged under 50. A Z-score of − 2.0 or lower indicates a lower BMD compared to the peers (‘score below the expected range for age’). Therefore, both HC and patients were divided into two subgroups (normal BMD or impaired BMD) regardless of age and menopausal status; then stratified these two subgroups into five ones by BMD results taking age and menopausal status into account, namely “score below the expected range of age” or normal BMD in premenopausal women and men aged < 50; “osteopenia”, “osteoporosis” and normal BMD in postmenopausal women and men aged > = 50.

Hu Z., Zhang L., Lin Z., Zhao C., Xu S., Lin H., Zhang J., Li W, & Chu Y. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis patients from South China: modeled by three methods. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 22, 534.

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Comprehensive Bone Health Assessment

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Densitometric and microstructural bone health was measured by pQCT (XCT 2000; Stratec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany) and DXA (Discovery A densitometer; Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA). Quality assurance of both devices was checked, and if needed calibrated, before each measuring day according to manufacturers' guidelines. Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone mass, and bone geometry were measured using pQCT at the distal epiphysis (4%) and diaphysis (66%) of the tibia in the non-dominant lower leg 22 . A priori defined outcomes of interest were total and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (mg/cm 3 ) [total and trab vBMD] at 4% of tibia length, cortical volumetric bone mineral density (mg/cm 3 ) [cort vBMD], total cortical cross-sectional area (mm 2 ) [total CSA], and strain strength index (mm 3 ) [SSI] at 66% tibia length. Z-scores could only be calculated for total and trab vBMD at 4% tibia based on available reference material 23, 24 . Outcomes by DXA included femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and lumbar spine (LS) areal BMD expressed in g/cm 2 and by age and gender matched z-scores 25 . For model adjustment purposes, muscle mass was defined as muscular cross-sectional area (mm²) at 66% tibia length by pQCT and total lean body mass by DXA.

Zürcher S.J., Jung R., Monnerat S., Schindera C., Eser P., Meier C., Rueegg C.S., von der Weid N.X, & Kriemler S. (2020). High impact physical activity and bone health of lower extremities in childhood cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study of SURfit. International journal of cancer, 147(7).

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