For immunohistochemical analysis, slides were incubated 2 × 10 min in xylene, ethanol (100%–95%–70%–50%), citrate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 6.0), and blocked for 2 h at 37°C in blocking buffer consisting of 10% normal goat serum (Invitrogen) and 1% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen) in PBS. Slides were incubated with primary antibodies against CD8 (1:50; #MA5‐14548; Thermo Fisher) and Granzyme B Ab‐1 (1:50; #MS‐1157–S1; Thermo Fisher) or Perforin Ab‐2 (1:50; #MS‐1834‐S1; Thermo Fisher) overnight at room temperature in blocking buffer. After washing with PBS, slides were incubated with secondary antibodies (1:200 Alexa Fluor 488 donkey‐anti‐mouse and 1:200 Alexa Fluor 568 goat‐anti‐rabbit; both from Thermo Fisher) and with 0.1 µg/mL 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI, Life technologies) for 2 h at room temperature in blocking buffer. After washing with PBS, sections were coverslipped in fluorescein mounting medium (Vectashield, Vector laboratories) and imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Eclipse Ti, Nikon).
Alexa fluor 488 donkey anti mouse
Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-mouse is a fluorescent secondary antibody conjugate. It is designed to detect and bind to mouse primary antibodies, allowing for visualization and detection in various immunoassay applications.
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168 protocols using alexa fluor 488 donkey anti mouse
Immunohistochemical Analysis of GAD65-LE Hippocampus
For immunohistochemical analysis, slides were incubated 2 × 10 min in xylene, ethanol (100%–95%–70%–50%), citrate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 6.0), and blocked for 2 h at 37°C in blocking buffer consisting of 10% normal goat serum (Invitrogen) and 1% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen) in PBS. Slides were incubated with primary antibodies against CD8 (1:50; #MA5‐14548; Thermo Fisher) and Granzyme B Ab‐1 (1:50; #MS‐1157–S1; Thermo Fisher) or Perforin Ab‐2 (1:50; #MS‐1834‐S1; Thermo Fisher) overnight at room temperature in blocking buffer. After washing with PBS, slides were incubated with secondary antibodies (1:200 Alexa Fluor 488 donkey‐anti‐mouse and 1:200 Alexa Fluor 568 goat‐anti‐rabbit; both from Thermo Fisher) and with 0.1 µg/mL 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI, Life technologies) for 2 h at room temperature in blocking buffer. After washing with PBS, sections were coverslipped in fluorescein mounting medium (Vectashield, Vector laboratories) and imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Eclipse Ti, Nikon).
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Brain Markers
At FD Neurotechnologies, the brain slices were incubated with primary antibodies to detect GFAP (#556330; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA; 1:350 dilution), Iba-1 (#019-19741; Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA; 1:350 dilution), and NeuN (#ABN90P; Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA; 1:250 dilution). This was followed by incubation in PBS containing the following secondary reporter antibodies with a fluorescent tag: Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-mouse (#A21202; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA; 1:250 dilution), Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-rabbit (#A21207; Thermo Fisher Scientific; 1:250 dilution), and Alexa Fluor 405 streptavidin conjugate (#S32351; Thermo Fisher Scientific; 1:200 dilution) for the detection of GFAP, Iba-1, and NeuN primary antibodies, respectively. The stained coronal slices were shipped back to their respective laboratories of origin (WRAIR or NJIT) for quantification analyses.
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Immunofluorescence Staining of Nephrocytes
Apoptotic cells were visualized using the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (#11684795910, Sigma/Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For imaging, a Zeiss LSM 880 laser scanning microscope was used. Image processing was done by ImageJ and GIMP software.
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