Av 400 mhz

The chemical compositions of PEGA-BA dissolved in CDCl₃ were analyzed using ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR (Bruker AV-400 MHz, Zurich, Switzerland) operating at 400 MHz. Samples of 10 mg were dissolved in 0.6 mL of CDCl₃ and homogenized via ultrasound. The FT-IR spectra of various samples were recorded using a Nicolet AVATAR 360 FTIR spectrometer in the frequency range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹.
The molecular weight was determined via gel permeation chromatography (GPC, Shimadzu LC-20A, Kyoto, Japan). Briefly, 30 mg samples were dissolved in 1 mL THF and homogenized via ultrasound. The samples were placed in a 1.5 mL sample bottle and again homogenized via ultrasound.
The particle size of the micelles was analyzed via dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90, Birmingham, UK). A 10 mg/mL solution of PEGA-BA was prepared, and 1 mL of the solution was placed into a transparent cup after being dissolved evenly via ultrasound. The specific morphology of the micelles was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100plus, Tokyo, Japan). PEGA-BA was formulated into a 1 mg/mL solution, which was evenly dissolved via ultrasound, and then, dropped onto an organic copper web for examination.

¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃ or H₂O-D₂O (9:1) on a Bruker AV400 MHz (Billerica, MA, USA). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) experiments were determined in chloroform using Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) LC-10AD pump with two Shodex GPC K-805 L columns (5 µm Mixte-C) using two PL aquagel-OH 40–30 columns (8 µm Mixte-C), at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. A Wyatt Technology (Santa Barbara, CA, USA) Optilab Rex interferometric refractometer was used as detector, and low polydispersity index polystyrene standards (3 × 10⁴ – 2 × 10⁶ g/mol) were used to calibrate the system. Grafting of fluorinated compounds was assessed by Raman spectroscopy using a Raman microscope LabRAMHR from Horiba Jobin Yvon (Longjumeau, France) equipped with a laser emitting at 633 nm. Water contact angle measurements were performed using the Drop Shape Analysis system on a Krüss goniometer (Villebon-sur-Yvette, France).

The synthesis of benzo-18-crown-6-acrylamide (BCAm) was based on 4-nitro-benzo-18-crown-6-ether (NBCe), which was reduced to 4-amino-benzo-18-crown-6-ether (ABCe) using hydrated hydrazine, followed by acylation. Firstly, 2 g of NBCe and 0.2 g of palladium carbon catalyst (Pd/C) were dissolved in 20 mL of fresh steamed dioxane, and were heated at 105 °C in an oil bath to generate reflux. Then, 10 mL of hydrazine hydrate was added dropwise at a constant pressure for 15 min, followed by reaction for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst was removed by filtration and extracted three times with 20 mL deionized water and 20 mL DCM. The product ABCe was obtained by rotary evaporation at 30 °C, and vacuum dried at room temperature for 48 h. Finally, the prepared ABCe was dissolved in DCM, then the acryloyl chloride and triethylamine were added. After reaction at a low temperature for 14 h in the dark, the products were extracted with deionized water and DCM, purified using column chromatography, and rotary evaporated at 20 °C for 48 h. The synthesized polymer and its responsiveness to K⁺ were characterized using a ¹H NMR spectrometer (Bruker AV 400 MHz) in CDCl₃. BCAm was dissolved in a deuterated chloroform solution at a concentration of 4 × 10⁻² M and KNO₃ solution in deuterated DMSO at a concentration of 0.4 M was added at various ratios of BCAm to K⁺.

All reagents were purchased from commercial sources and were used without further purification. Melting points (uncorrected) were determined on a XT4MP apparatus (Taike Corp., Beijing, China). ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AV-600 or AV-400 MHz instruments in CDCl₃. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (δ) downfield from the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standards. Coupling constants are reported in Hz. The multiplicity is defined by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), or m (multiplet). High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained on an Agilent 1260-6221 TOF mass spectrometry. Column and thin-layer chromatography (CC and TLC, resp.) were performed on silica gel (200–300 mesh) and silica gel GF₂₅₄ (Qingdao Marine Chemical Factory) respectively.

All reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without any further purification unless otherwise stated. Flash column chromatography was performed with silica gel (200-300 mesh) purchased from Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co. Ltd. Thin layer chromatography was performed using silica gel 60 F254 precoated plates (purchased from Qingdao Haiyang Inc., Qingdao, China). Visualization was achieved using Ultraviolet (UV) light (254 nm and 365 nm, Shanghai Yarong Biochemical Instrument Factory, Shanghai, China). Melting points were determined with a Mel-TEMP II melting point apparatus (Beijing Keyi Company, Beijing, China) and was uncorrected. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded with Bruker AV-600, AV-500 or AV-400 MHz instruments (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) using DMSO-d₆, CD₃OD, or CDCl₃ as solvent. Chemical shifts were reported as δ values (ppm) from internal reference tetramethylsilane (TMS). All coupling constants were reported in hertz (Hz), All chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm), relative to the internal standard. In addition, proton multiplicities were labeled as br (broad), s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), q (quartet), and m (multiplet). HR-MS were performed on a Waters Vion IMS Q-tof (Waters, MA, USA).

The DMC catalysts were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (Model: JEM-7100F), X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS/D8), thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ under O₂ atmosphere in a high throughput mode (SDT Q600), elemental analyzer (Vario EL Cube), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer using KBr tablets (6700/Thermo Fisher Scientific). NMR spectroscopic analyses of the products were performed using a Bruker NMR spectrometer (Model: Bruker AV 400 MHz) with ¹H and ¹³C probes, and CDCl₃ as the solvent. The M_n and polydispersity indices (PDI) of the polymer products were estimated using a gel permeation chromatography system.